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gulong shale oil enrichment mechanism and orderly distribution of conventional–unconventional oils in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation,Songliao Basin,NE China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第5期50卷 1045-1059页

作者： ZHANG Shuichang ZHANG Bin WANG Xiaomei FENG Zihui HE Kun WANG Huajian FU Xiuli LIU Yuke YANG Chunlong PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China CNPC Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry Beijing 100083China National Key Laboratory for Multi-resource Collaborated Green Development of Continental shale oil Daqing 163712China PetroChina Daqing oilfield Co. Ltd.Daqing 163712China

Through the study of organic matter enrichment,hydrocarbon generation and accumulation process of black shale of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin,the enrichment mechanism of gulong shale oil and the distribution of conventional–unconventional oil are revealed.The Songliao Basin is a huge interior lake basin formed in the Early Cretaceous under the control of the subduction and retreat of the western Pacific plate and the massive horizontal displacement of the Tanlu Fault Zone in Northeast China.During the deposition of the Qingshankou Formation,strong terrestrial hydrological cycle led to the lake level rise of the ancient Songliao Basin and the input of a large amount of nutrients,resulting in planktonic bacteria and algae flourish.Intermittent seawater intrusion events promoted the formation of salinization stratification and anoxic environment in the lake,which were beneficial to the enrichment of organic matters.Biomarkers analysis confirms that the biogenic organic matter of planktonic bacteria and algae modified by microorganisms plays an important role in the formation of high-quality source rocks with high oil generation capability.There are four favorable conditions for the enrichment of light shale oil in the Qingshankou Formation of the gulong Sag,Songliao Basin:the moderate organic matter abundance and high oil potential provide sufficient material basis for oil enrichment;high degree of thermal evolution makes shale oil have high GOR and good mobility;low hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency leads to a high content of retained hydrocarbons in the source rock;and the confinement effect of intra-layer cement in the high maturity stage induces the efficient accumulation of light shale oil.The restoration of hydrocarbon accumulation process suggests that liquid hydrocarbons generated in the early(low–medium maturity)stage of the Qingshankou Formation source rocks accumulated in placanticline and slope after long-distance secondary migration,forming high-quality conventional and tigh

关键词： Songliao Basin Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation gulong shale oil organic carbon storage orderly distribution of conventional-unconventional oil fault sealing whole petroleum system shale oil enrichment

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The Geoscience Frontier of gulong shale oil:Revealing the Role of Continental shale from oil Generation to Production

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Engineering 2023年第9期28卷 79-92页

作者： Wenyuan He Rukai Zhu Baowen Cui Shuichang Zhang Qian Meng Bin Bai Zihui Feng Zhengdong Lei Songtao Wu Kun He He Liu Longde Sun China National oil and Gas Exploration and Development Company Ltd. Beijing 100027China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China Key Laboratory of shale oil Accumulation of Heilongjiang Province Daqing 163712China Daqing oilfield Company Ltd. PetroChinaDaqing 163712China China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing 100007China

The clay mineral content of Daqing gulong shale is in the range of about 35%–45%,with particle sizes less than 0.0039 mm.The horizontal fluidity of oil in gulong shale is poor,with near-zero vertical flowability.As a result,gulong shale has been considered to lack commercial value.In recent years,however,interdisciplinary research in geoscience,percolation mechanics,thermodynamics,and surface mechanics has demonstrated that gulong shale oil has a high degree of maturity and a high residual hydrocarbon content.The expulsion efficiency of gulong shale in the high mature stage is 32%–48%.Favorable storage spaces in gulong shale include connecting pores and lamellar fractures developed between and within organic matter and clay mineral complexes.The shale oil mainly occurs in micro-and nano-pores,bedding fractures,and lamellar fractures,with a high gas–oil ratio and medium–high movable oil saturation.gulong shale has the characteristics of high hardness,a high elastic modulus,and high fracture toughness.This study achieves breakthroughs in the exploration and development of gulong shale,including the theories of hydrocarbon generation and accumulation,the technologies of mobility and fracturing,and recoverability.It confirms the major transition of gulong shale from oil generation to oil production,which has extremely significant scientific value and application potential for China’s petroleum industry.

关键词： gulong shale gulong shale oil Micro-nano pores Lamellar fracture Continental oil production

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Key theoretical and technical issues and countermeasures for effective development of gulong shale oil, Daqing oilfield, NE China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第3期50卷 638-650页

作者： YUAN Shiyi LEI Zhengdong LI Junshi YAO Zhongwen LI Binhui WANG Rui LIU Yishan WANG Qingzhen CNPC Advisory Center Beijing 100724China PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China PetroChina Daging oilfield Co. Ltd.Daging 163002China

Aiming at the four issues of underground storage state,exploitation mechanism,crude oil flow and efficient recovery,the key theoretical and technical issues and countermeasures for effective development of gulong shale oil are put forward.Through key exploration and research on fluid occurrence,fluid phase change,exploitation mechanism,oil start-up mechanism,flow regime/pattern,exploitation mode and enhanced oil recovery(EOR)of shale reservoirs with different storage spaces,multi-scale occurrence states of shale oil and phase behavior of fluid in nano confined space were provided,the multi-phase,multi-scale flow mode and production mechanism with hydraulic fracture-shale bedding fracture-matrix infiltration as the core was clarified,and a multi-scale flow mathematical model and recoverable reserves evaluation method were preliminarily established.The feasibility of development mode with early energy replenishment and recovery factor of 3o%was discussed.Based on these,the researches of key theories and technologies for effective development of gulong shale oil are proposed to focus on:(1)in-situ sampling and non-destructive testing of core and fluid;(2)high-temperature,high-pressure,nano-scale laboratory simulation experiment;(3)fusion of multi-scale multi-flow regime numerical simulation technology and large-scale application software;(4)waterless(CO_(2))fracturing technique and the fracturing technique for increasing the vertical fracture height;(5)early energy replenishment to enhance oil recovery;(6)lifecycle technical and economic evaluation.Moreover,a series of exploitation tests should be performed on site as soon as possible to verify the theoretical understanding,optimize the exploitation mode,form supporting technologies,and provide a generalizable development model,thereby supporting and guiding the effective development and production of gulong shale oil.

关键词： gulong shale oil continental shale oil nano confined space production mechanism flow mode early energy replenishment enhanced oil recovery

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Practice and development suggestions of hydraulic fracturing technology in the gulong shale oil reservoirs of Songliao Basin, NE China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第3期50卷 688-698页

作者： LIU He HUANG Youquan CAI Meng MENG Siwei TAO Jiaping PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China PetroChina Daqing oilfield Co. Ltd.Daqing 163002China

This paper reviews the multiple rounds of upgrades of the hydraulic fracturing technology used in the gulong shale oil reservoirs and gives suggestions about stimulation technology development in relation to the production performance of gulong shale oil wells.Under the control of high-density bedding fractures,fracturing in the gulong shale results in a complex fracture morphology,yet with highly suppressed fracture height and length.Hydraulic fracturing fails to generate artificial fractures with sufficient lengths and heights,which is a main restraint on the effective stimulation in the gulong shale oil reservoirs.In this regard,the fracturing design shall follow the strategy of"controlling near-wellbore complex fractures and maximizing the extension of main fractures"Increasing the proportions of guar gum fracturing fluids,reducing perforation clusters within one fracturing stage,raising pump rates and appropriately exploiting stress interference are conducive to fracture propagation and lead to a considerably expanded stimulated reservoir volume(SRV).The upgraded main hydraulic fracturing technology is much more applicable to the gulong shale oil reservoirs.It accelerates the oil production with a low flowback rate and lifts oil cut during the initial production of well groups,which both help to improve well production.It is suggested to optimize the hydraulic fracturing technology in six aspects,namely,suppressing propagation of near-wellbore microfractures,improving the pumping scheme of CO_(2),managing the perforating density,enhancing multi-proppant combination,reviewing well pattern/spacing,and discreetly applying fiber-assisted injection,so as to improve the SRv,the distal fracture complexity and the long-term fracture conductivity.

关键词： continental shale oil Songliao Basin gulong shale oil horizontal well hydraulic fracturing reservoir stimulation stimulated reservoir volume

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shale oil enrichment evaluation and production law in gulong Sag,Songliao Basin,NE China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第3期50卷 505-519页

作者： SUN Longde CUI Baowen ZHU Rukai WANG Rui FENG Zihui LI Binhui ZHANG Jingya GAO Bo WANG Qingzhen ZENG Huasen LIAO Yuanhui JIANG Hangl National Key Laboratory for Multi-resource Collaborated Green Development of Contionental shale oil Daqing 163712China China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing 100007China PetroChina Daqing oilfield Co. Ltd.Daqing 163712China PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China

Based on the results of drilling,tests and simulation experiments,the shales of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the gulong Sag of the Songliao Basin are discussed with respect to hydrocarbon generation evolution,shale oil occurrence,and pore/fracture evolution mechanism.In conjunction with a substantial amount of oil testing and production data,the gulong shale oil enrichment layers are evaluated and the production behaviors and decline law are analyzed.The results are drawn in four aspects.First,the gulong shales are in the stage of extensive hydrocarbon expulsion when R_(0) is 1.0%-1.2%,with the peak hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of 49.5%approximately.In the low-medium maturity stage,shale oil migrates from kerogen to rocks and organic pores/fractures.In the medium-high maturity stage,shale oil transforms from adsorbed state to free state.Second,the clay mineral intergranular pores/fractures,dissolution pores,and organic pores make up the majority of the pore structure.During the transformation,clay minerals undergo significant intergranular pore/fracture development between the minerals such as illite and illite/smectite mixed layer.A network of pores/fractures is formed by organic matter cracking.Third,free hydrocarbon content,effective porosity,total porosity,and brittle mineral content are the core indicators for the evaluation of shale oil enrichment layers.Class-I layers are defined as free hydrocarbon content equal or greater than 6.0 mg/g,effective porosity equal or greater than 3.5%,total porosity equal or greater than 8.0%,and brittle mineral content equal or greater than 50%.It is believed that the favourable oil layers are Q2-Q3 and Q8-Q9.Fourth,the horizontal wells in the core area of the light oil zone exhibit a high cumulative production in the first year,and present a hyperbolic production decline pattern,with the decline index of 0.85-0.95,the first-year decline rate of 14.5%-26.5%,and the single-well estimated ultimate recovery(EUR)greater than 2.0×10^(4)t.In practical exploration a

关键词： Songliao Basin gulong shale oil Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation hydrocarbon generation and expulsion reservoir pore type pore/fracture formation mechanism enrichment layer evaluation production decline law

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In-situ hydrocarbon formation and accumulation mechanisms of micro- and nano-scale pore-fracture in gulong shale, Songliao Basin, NE China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第6期50卷 1269-1281页

作者： WANG Xiaojun CUI Baowen FENG Zihui SHAO Hongmei HUO Qiuli ZHANG Bin GAO Bo ZENG Huasen National Key Laboratory of Continental shale oil Daqing 163002China PetroChina Daqing oilfield Co. Ltd.Daqing 163002China PetroChina Daqing oilfield Exploration and Development Research Institute Daqing 163712China PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China

By conducting experimental analyses, including thermal pyrolysis, micro-/nano-CT, argon-ion polishing field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR), the gulong shale oil in the Songliao Basin was investigated with respect to formation model, pore structure and accumulation mechanism. First, in the gulong shale, there are a large number of pico-algae, nano-algae and dinoflagellates, which were formed in brackish water environment and constituted the hydrogen-rich oil source materials of shale. Second, most of the oil-generating materials of the Qingshankou Formation shale exist in the form of organo-clay complex. During organic matter thermal evolution, clay minerals had double effects of suppression and catalytic hydrogenation, which expanded shale oil window and increased light hydrocarbon yield. Third, the formation of storage space in the gulong shale was related to dissolution and hydrocarbon generation. With the diagenesis, micro-/nano-pores increased, pore diameter decreased and more bedding fractures appeared, which jointly gave rise to the unique reservoir with dual media (i.e. nano-scale pores and micro-scale bedding fractures) in the gulong shale. Fourth, the micro-/nano-scale oil storage unit in the gulong shale exhibits independent oil/gas occurrence phase, and shows that all-size pores contain oils, which occur in condensate state in micropores or in oil-gas two phase (or liquid) state in macropores/mesopores. The understanding about gulong shale oil formation and accumulation mechanism has theoretical and practical significance for advancing continental shale oil exploration in China.

关键词： micro- nano-scale oil storage unit hydrocarbon occurrence phase organo-clay complex in-situ hydrocarbon accumulation gulong shale oil Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation Songliao Basin

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