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Petroleum Retention,Intraformational Migration and Segmented Accumulation within the Organic-rich Shale in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin,Northeast China

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地质学报:英文版 2023年第5期97卷 1568-1586页

作者： HUANGFU Yuhui ZHANG Jinyou ZHANG Shuichang WANG Xiaomei HE Kun GUAN Ping ZHANG Huanxu ZHANG Bin WANG Huajian School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China Exploration and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd.DaqingHeilongjiang 163712China Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry CNPCBeijing 100083China Grand Energy and Technology Co. Ltd.SuzhouJiangsu 215000China

In this study,organic geochemical and petrological analyses were conducted on 111 shale samples from a well to understand the retention,intraformational migration and segmented accumulation(shale oil enrichment in different intervals is unconnected)features of shale oil within the organic-rich shale in the Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag.Our study shows that retained petroleum characteristics in the investigated succession are mainly influenced by three factors:organic richness,intraformational migration and segmented accumulation.Organic matter richness primarily controls the amount of retained petroleum,especially the‘live’component indicated by the S_(2)value rather than the total organic carbon(TOC)figure alone.The negative expulsion efficiencies determined by mass-balance calculations of hydrocarbons reveal that petroleum from adjacent organic-rich intervals migrates into the interval of about 2386-2408 m,which is characterized by high free hydrocarbon(S_(1)),OSI and saturated hydrocarbons content,along with a greater difference inδ^(13)C values between polar compounds(including resins and asphaltenes)and saturated hydrocarbons.The depth-dependent heterogeneity of carbon isotope ratios(δ^(13)C)of mud methane gas,δ^(13)C of extracts gross composition(SARA),δ^(13)C of kerogen and SARA content of extracts suggest that the studied succession can be subdivided into four intervals.The shale oil sealing enrichment character in each interval is further corroborated by the distinctδ^(13)C values of mud methane gas in different intervals.Due to the migration of petroleum into the 2386-2408 m interval,the S_(1),OSI and saturated hydrocarbons content of the interval show higher relative values.The maturity of organic matter in the 2471-2500 m interval is at the highest with the smaller size molecular components of the retained petroleum.Thus,favorable‘sweet spots’may be found in the 2386-2408 m interval and the 2471-2500 m interval,according to the experiment results in this study.

关键词： shale oil oil retention intraformational migration segmented accumulation Gulong Sag

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Calculation of oil saturation in clay-rich shale reservoirs:A case study of Qing 1 Member of Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin,NE China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2022年第6期49卷 1351-1363页

作者： LI Chaoliu YAN Weilin WU Hongliang TIAN Han ZHENG Jiandong YU Jun FENG Zhou XU Hongjun Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China Exploration and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Co.Ltd. Daqing 163712China

The targeted reservoir,which is referred as the first member of Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin,NE China,is characterized by the enrichment of clay and lamellation fractures.Aiming at the technical challenge of determining oil saturation of such reservoir,nano-pores were accurately described and located through focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy and quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy based on Simandoux model,to construct a 4D digital core frame.Electrical parameters of the shale reservoir were determined by finite element simulation,and the oil saturation calculation method suitable for shale was proposed.Comparison between the results from this method with that from real core test and 2D nuclear magnetic log shows that the absolute errors meet the requirements of the current reserve specification in China for clay-rich shale reservoir.Comparison analysis of multiple wells shows that the oil saturation values calculated by this method of several points vertically in single wells and multiple wells on the plane are in agreement with the test results of core samples and the regional deposition pattern,proving the accuracy and applicability of the method model.

关键词： shale oil digital core well log interpretation oil saturation Qingshankou Formation Gulong Sag Songliao Basin

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Enrichment factors of movable hydrocarbons in lacustrine shale oil and exploration potential of shale oil in Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin,NE China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第3期50卷 520-533页

作者： ZHAO Wenzhi BIAN Congsheng LI Yongxin ZHANG Jinyou HE Kun LIU Wei ZHANG Bin LEI Zhengdong LIU Chang ZHANG Jingya GUAN Ming LIU Shijul ZWZ Academician Research Studio PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&DevelopmentBeijing 100083China PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China Exploration and Development Research Institute of PetroChina Daqing Oilfield Company Daqing 163712China

The geological characteristics and production practices of the major middle-and high-maturity shale oil exploration areas in China are analyzed.Combined with laboratory results,it is clear that three essential conditions,i.***.economic initial production,commercial cumulative oil production of single well,and large-scale recoverable reserves confirmed by the testing production,determine whether the continental shale oil can be put into large-scale commercial development.The quantity and quality of movable hydrocarbons are confirmed to be crucial to economic development of shale oil,and focuses in evaluation of shale oil enrichment area/interval.The evaluation indexes of movable hydrocarbon enrichment include:(1)the material basis for forming retained hydrocarbon,including TOC>2%(preferentially 3%-4%),and typeⅠ-Ⅱkerogens;(2)the mobility of retained hydrocarbon,which is closely related to the hydrocarbon composition and flow behaviors of light/heavy components,and can be evaluated from the perspectives of thermal maturity(Ro),gas-oil ratio(GOR),crude oil density,quality of hydrocarbon components,preservation conditions;and(3)the reservoir characteristics associated with the engineering reconstruction,including the main pore throat distribution zone,reservoir physical properties(including fractures),lamellation feature and diagenetic stage,etc.Accordingly,13 evaluation indexes in three categories and their reference values are established.The evaluation indicates that the light shale oil zones in the Gulong Sag of Songliao Basin have the most favorable enrichment conditions of movable hydrocarbons,followed by light oil and black oil zones,containing 20.8×10^(8) t light oil resources in reservoirs with R_(0)>1.2%,pressure coefficient greater than 1.4,effective porosity greater than 6%,crude oil density less than 0.82 g/cm^(3),and GOR>100 m/m^(3).The shale oil in the Gulong Sag can be explored and developed separately by the categories(resource sweet spot,engineering sweet spot,and tight oil sweet spot)depending on shal

关键词： Gulong Sag continental shale oil movable hydrocarbon enrichment factor enrichment zone/interval evaluation material basis component flow engineering-associated factor

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Microscopic oil occurrence in high-maturity lacustrine shales:Qingshankou Formation,Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin

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Petroleum Science 2023年第5期20卷 2726-2746页

作者： Jing-Ya Zhang Ru-Kai Zhu Song-Tao Wu Xiao-Hua Jiang Chang Liu Yi Cai Su-Rong Zhang Tian-Shu Zhang Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing100083China

Occurrence and mobility of shale oil are prerequisites for evaluating shale oil reserves and prioritizing exploration targets,particularly for heterogeneous lacustrine shales.The Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin is a classic lacustrine pure shale reservoir that contains abundant shale oil resources.The predicted geological reserves of the shale are 1.268×10^(9) t.In this study,field emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM),the modular automated processing system(MAPS),pyrolysisgas chromatography(Py-GC),low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption(LPNA),Soxhlet extraction,pyrolysis,and 2-D nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)were integrated to describe the shale oil components,microscopic occurrence,mobility,and the effective pore size distribution.Meanwhile,the related controlling factors are discussed.The shale oil in the Qingshankou Fm exists dominantly in the matrix pores of the clay minerals,with small amounts distributed in the intergranular pores of terrigenous clastic grains,intercrystalline pores of pyrite,intragranular pores of ostracod shells,and micro-fractures.Shale oil is distributed in the pore spaces of variable sizes in different lithofacies.The clay mineral-laminated shales are characterized by the broadest range of pore size and largest volume of pore spaces with shale oil distribution,while the ostracod-laminated shales have limited pore spaces retaining oil.Furthermore,the proposed integrated analysis evaluates the shale oil molecules existing in two states:movable,and adsorbed oil,respectively.The result illustrates that movable oil takes up 30.6%e79.4%of the total residual oil.TOC,mineral composition,and pore structures of the shale joint together to control the states and mobility of the shale oil.TOC values are positively correlated with the quantities of shale oil regardless of the state of oil.The mineral components significantly impact the state of shale oil.Noticeable differences in the states of oil were observed following the changing types of minerals,possibly due to t

关键词： Shale oil content Occurrence states Micro-oil distribution Effective pore spaces Controlling factors Gulong Sag

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Preliminary study on nanopores,nanofissures,and in situ accumulation of gulong shale oil

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地学前缘 2023年第1期30卷 260-280页

作者： HE Wenyuan Daqing Oilfield Co Ltd Daqing 163002China Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Oil Daqing 163712China

The Qingshankou Formation shale oil in the Gulong Sag is an important oil and gas reservoir in the Daqing oilfield,with geological resources of 15.1 billion tons.The fabric of shale can reflect not only its genesis but also the nature of the reservoir space,its physical properties,oil content,and development value.Here,the characteristics of clay minerals in the gulong shale oil reservoir were studied via electron microscopy,with the primary focus on the microfabrics and reservoir space;thereafter,the in situ accumulation was studied and discussed.Electron backscattering patterns revealed that nanometer pores and fissures were well developed in the gulong shale oil reservoir.The nano pores were mostly 20-50 nm in diameter(median 20-30 nm),irregularly shaped,mostly,polygonal,and connected with nanofissures.The widths of nanofissures ranged mostly between 10-50 nm(median 20-30 nm);moreover,these fissures were mainly formed by F-F condensation of clay sheets(clay domains).The coagulation of clays was closely related to organic matter,especially algae.The clay colloids were negatively charged due to isocrystalline replacement;hence,metal cations were absorbed around the clay,forming a positive clay group.The positively charged clays subsequently adsorbed negatively charged humic acid(organic matter)and initially degraded algae to form an organic clay flocculant.When the organic clay flocculates reached the threshold for hydrocarbon generation and expulsion,the volume of organic matter decreased by 87%;thereafter,the generated and expelled hydrocarbon filled the nearby pores formed by this contraction.Moreover,the discharged hydrocarbon could not migrate due to capillary resistance(~12 MPa)of the nanopores;hence,the nanopores formed a unique continuous in situ reservoir within the gulong shale oil.This study demonstrated that the gulong shale oil reservoir is an actual clay-type shale reservoir with numerous nanopore and fissures.During coagulation,a large amount of organic matter(including layered algae)was absorbed

关键词： shale clay organic matter nanopores nanofissures in situ accumulation Gulong Sag

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Exploration breakthrough and its significance of gulong lacustrine shale oil in the Songliao Basin,Northeastern China

Energy Geoscience

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Energy Geoscience 2022年第2期3卷 120-125页

作者： Zhijun Jin Xinping Liang Zhenrui Bai Institute of Energy Peking UniversityBeijing100871China State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil Enrichment Mechanism and Effective Development Beijing100083China Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute SINOPECBeijing100083China

Lacustrine shale oil resources are abundant in many petroliferous basins in China.The shale oil formations are characterized by low API gravity,high viscosity,poor mobility,high clay content,low brittleness and etc.Exploration of lacustrine shale oil started relatively late in China,but its progress is very rapid and breakthroughs have been made successively.In this short communication,we introduced the most significant shale oil discovery which is made recently in the Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag in the Songliao Basin.Key exploratory wells including Guye 1H(GY1H),Yingye 1H(YY1H)and Guye 2HC(GY2HC)tested stable and high oil flow in shale reservoirs,revealing the relatively stable and high oil production capacity of shale in the Gulong Sag of Daqing Oilfield.It marks a leap of petroleum theoretical recognition from lacustrine shale generating oil to producing oil and from the theory of traditional oil migration and accumulation to the theory of indigenous oil accumulation in organic-rich shale.Although lacustrine shale oil exploration and development still faces many challenges in China,its prospect is quite promising.

关键词： Lacustrine shale oil Exploration breakthrough Qingshankou Formation Gulong Sag Songliao Basin

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An analysis of major scientific problems and research paths of gulong shale oil in Daqing Oilfield, NE China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2021年第3期48卷 527-540页

作者： SUN Longde LIU He HE Wenyuan LI Guoxin ZHANG Shuichang ZHU Rukai JIN Xu MENG Siwei JIANG Hang PetroChina Daqing Oilfield Co.Ltd. Daqing 163002China PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China PetroChina Exploration&Production Company Beijing 100724China

After the preliminary basic research on the problems encountered during the production period of gulong shale oil in the Songliao Basin, NE China, and the scientific exploration, the special characteristics of gulong shale oil in terms of reservoir space, phase distribution, flow pattern, and mineral evolution are proposed. The main results are as follows :(1) The source of organic matter, mechanism of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, and key factors affecting shale oil abundance;(2) The types and structural characteristics of the reservoir and their contribution to porosity and permeability;(3) The mineral origin and evolution of minerals and their influence on reservoir availability, sensitivity, and compressibility;(4) The rock mechanical characteristics and fracture propagation law of gulong shale;(5) The shale oil products, phase change law and main control factors of adsorption and desorption conversion of gulong shale oil;(6) The mechanism of shale oil-liquid, solid-liquid gas interaction and enhanced oil recovery. Three key research suggestions are proposed to realize the large-scale economic utilization of the gulong shale oil as follows:(1) Deepen research on the mechanism of oil and gas generation and discharge, storage and transportation, to guide the selection of geological sweet spots of shale oil;(2) Deepen research on the compressibility and fracture initiation mechanism to support the selection of engineering sweet spots and optimization of engineering design;(3) Deepen research on the fluid interaction mechanism under reservoir conditions, os us to guide the optimization of development schemes and the selection of EOR technologies. A successful development of gulong shale oil requires global experts and scholars to contribute multidisciplinary innovative ideas and technical ideas to solve production problems.

关键词： Songliao Basin Gulong Sag continental shale oil resource endowment reservoir characteristics scientific problem research direction

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