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Management of regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy:guideline recommendations from Chinese emergency medical doctor consensus

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Military Medical Research 2023年第6期10卷 733-750页

作者： Shu-Yuan Liu Sheng-Yong Xu Lu Yin Ting Yang Kui Jin Qiu-Bin Zhang Feng Sun Ding-Yu Tan Tian-Yu Xin Yu-Guo Chen Xiao-Dong Zhao Xue-Zhong Yu Jun Xu Emergency Medical Doctor Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association Emergency Department The Sixth Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100048China State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases Emergency DepartmentPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100730China Emergency Department Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518000China Emergency Department The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunming 650000China Emergency Department The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230001China Emergency Department The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical CollegeHaikou 570100China Emergency Department The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210029China Emergency Depart‑ment Northern Jiangsu People’s HospitalClinical Medical College of Yang‑zhou UniversityYangzhou 225001China Emergency Department and Chest Pain Center Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan 100005China Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Jinan 100005China Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan 100005China Emergency Department The Fourth Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100048China Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital Nanchang330046China The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University ShenzhenGuangdong 518035China The First Hos‑pital of Tsinghua University Beijing100016China The Affiliated Hospital and Medical School of Nantong University NantongJiangsu 226001China The First People’s Hospital of Lianyungang LianyungangJiangsu 222000China Shaanxi People’s Hospital Xi’an 710068China Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060China Shenzhen Hospital of South‑ern Medical University ShenzhenGuangdong 518000China The Second People’s Hospital of Huai’an Huai’anJiangsu 223002China The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical Univers

Continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT)is widely used for treating critically-ill patients in the emergency department in *** therapy is needed to prevent clotting in the extracorporeal circulation during *** citrate anticoagulation(RCA)has been shown to potentially be safer and more effective,and is now recommended as the preferred anticoagulant method for ***,there is still a lack of unified standards for RCA management in the world,and there are many problems in using this method in clinical *** Emergency Medical Doctor Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association(CMDA)organized a panel of domestic emergency medicine experts and international experts of CRRT to discuss RCA-related issues,including the advantages and disadvantages of RCA in CRRT anticoagulation,the principle of RCA,parameter settings for RCA,monitoring of RCA(mainly metabolic acid-base disorders),and special issues during *** on the latest available research evidence as well as the paneled experts'clinical experience,considering the generalizability,suitability,and potential resource utilization,while also balancing clinical advantages and disadvantages,a total of 16 guideline recommendations were formed from the experts'consensus.

关键词： Continuous renal replacement therapy Emergency Anticoagulation Citrate guideline Expert consensus

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2022 Chinese national clinical practice guideline on Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment

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Chinese Medical Journal 2022年第24期135卷 2899-2910页

作者： Liya Zhou Hong Lu Zhiqiang Song Bin Lyu Ye Chen Jiyao Wang Jun Xia Zhan Zhao on behalf of Helicobacter Pylori Study Group of Chinese Society of Gastroenterology Department of Gastroenterology Peking University Third HospitalBeijing 100191China Department of Gastroenterology Renji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200127China Department of Gastroenterology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang 310018China Department of Gastroenterology Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong 510515China Department of Gastroenterology Fudan University Affiliated Zhongshan HospitalShanghai 200032China Nottingham Ningbo GRADE Center Nottingham China Health InstituteUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingboZhejiang 315100China Academic Unit of Lifespan and Population Health School of MedicineThe University of NottinghamNottinghamUK Systematic Review Solutions Ltd Shanghai 201403China 不详

Background:Helicobacter pylori(***)infection is an infectious disease with a prevalence rate of up to 50%*** can cause indigestion,gastritis,peptic ulcer,and gastric *** eradication treatment can effectively control disease progression and reduce the risk of the above ***,the escalating trend of antibiotic resistance presents a global challenge for *** *** aim to provide guidance on pharmacological treatment of *** ***:This clinical practice guideline is developed following the World Health Organization’s recommended process,adopting Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation in assessing evidence quality,and utilizing Evidence to Decision framework to formulate clinical recommendations,minimizing bias and increasing transparency of the clinical practice guideline development *** used the Reporting Items for practice guidelines in HealThcare(RIGHT)statement and The Appraisal of guidelines for Research and Evaluation Ⅱ(AGREE Ⅱ)as reporting and conduct guides to ensure the guideline’s completeness and ***:Though decreasing in developed countries,the prevalence of *** remains high in developing countries,causing a major public health *** clinical practice guideline contains 12 recommendations concerning pharmacological treatment for *** *** them,it is worth highlighting that bismuth preparations are inexpensive,safe,and effective,consequently making bismuth quadruple therapy a preferred choice for initial and rescue *** empirical treatment,high-dose dual therapy is equally effective compared with bismuth quadruple ***:The 12 recommendations in this clinical practice guideline are formed with consideration for stakeholders’values and preferences,resource use,feasibility,and *** are generalizable to resource limited settings with similar antibiotic resistance pattern as

关键词： Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer guideline Pharmacological treatment

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Clinical practice guideline for transurethral plasmakinetic resection of prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia(2021 Edition)

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Military Medical Research 2022年第5期9卷 515-533页

作者： Xian-Tao Zeng Ying-Hui Jin Tong-Zu Liu Fang-Ming Chen De-Gang Ding Meng Fu Xin-Quan Gu Bang-Min Han Xing Huang Zhi Hou Wan-Li Hu Xin-Li Kang Gong-Hui Li Jian-Xing Li Pei-Jun Li Chao-Zhao Liang Xiu-Heng Liu Zhi-Yu Liu Chun-Xiao Liu Jiu-Min Liu Guang-Heng Luo Yi Luo Wei-Jun Qin Jian-Hong Qiu Jian-Xin Qiu Xue-Jun Shang Ben-Kang Shi Fa Sun Guo-Xiang Tian Ye Tian Feng Wang Feng Wang Yin-Huai Wang Yu-Jie Wang Zhi-Ping Wang Zhong Wang Qiang Wei Min-Hui Xiao Wan-Hai Xu Fa-Xian Yi Chao-Yang Zhu Qian-Yuan Zhuang Li-Qun Zhou Xiao-Feng Zou Nian-Zeng Xing Da-Lin He Xing-Huan Wang 无 Department of Urology Institute of UrologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China Department of Urology Tianjin Third Central Hospital Affiliated To Nankai UniversityTianjin300170China Department of Urology Henan Provincial People’s HospitalZhengzhou University People’s HospitalZhengzhou450003China Department of Urology Beijing Tsinghua Changgung HospitalSchool of Clinical MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing102218China Department of Urology China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130033China Department of Urology Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200080China Department of Urology Qinghai University Affiliated HospitalXi’ning810012China Department of Urology People’s Hospital of Hainan ProvinceHainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University HaikouHaikou570311China Department of Urology Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310016China Department of Urology General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan750003China Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei230022China Department of Urology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430060China Department of Urology The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian116023LiaoningChina Department of Urology Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510282China Department of Urology Guangdong Provincial People’s HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080China Department of Urology Surgery Guizhou Province People’s HospitalGuiyang550002China Department of Urology Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an710032China Department of Urology The 980St Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force(Bethune International Peace Hospital of PLA)Shijiazhuang050082China Department of Urology

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is highly prevalent among older men, impacting on their quality of life, sexual function, and genitourinary health, and has become an important global burden of disease. Transurethral plasmakinetic resection of prostate (TUPKP) is one of the foremost surgical procedures for the treatment of BPH. It has become well established in clinical practice with good efficacy and safety. In 2018, we issued the guideline “2018 Standard Edition”. However much new direct evidence has now emerged and this may change some of previous recommendations. The time is ripe to develop new evidence-based guidelines, so we formed a working group of clinical experts and methodologists. The steering group members posed 31 questions relevant to the management of TUPKP for BPH covering the following areas: questions relevant to the perioperative period (preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative) of TUPKP in the treatment of BPH, postoperative complications and the level of surgeons’ surgical skill. We searched the literature for direct evidence on the management of TUPKP for BPH, and assessed its certainty generated recommendations using the grade criteria by the European Association of Urology. Recommendations were either strong or weak, or in the form of an ungraded consensus-based statement. Finally, we issued 36 statements. Among them, 23 carried strong recommendations, and 13 carried weak recommendations for the stated procedure. They covered questions relevant to the aforementioned three areas. The preoperative period for TUPKP in the treatment of BPH included indications and contraindications for TUPKP, precautions for preoperative preparation in patients with renal impairment and urinary tract infection due to urinary retention, and preoperative prophylactic use of antibiotics. Questions relevant to the intraoperative period incorporated surgical operation techniques and prevention and management of bladder explosion. The application to different

关键词： Transurethral plasmakinetic resection of prostate Benign prostatic hyperplasia Recommendation Treatment guideline

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Treatment and surveillance for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer:a clinical practice guideline(2021 edition)

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Military Medical Research 2023年第2期10卷 141-161页

作者： Ying-Hui Jin Xian-Tao Zeng Tong-Zu Liu Zhi-Ming Bai Zhong-Ling Dou De-Gang Ding Zhi-Lu Fan Ping Han Yi-Ran Huang Xing Huang Ming Li Xiao-Dong Li Yi-Ning Li Xu-Hui Li Chao-Zhao Liang Jiu-Min Liu Hong-Shun Ma Juan Qi Jia-Qi Shi Jian Wang De-Lin Wang Zhi-Ping Wang Yun-Yun Wang Yong-Bo Wang Qiang Wei Hai-Bo Xia Jin-Chun Xing Si-Yu Yan Xue-Pei Zhang Guo-You Zheng Nian-Zeng Xing Da-Lin He Xing-Huan Wang on behalf of the Chinese Urological Doctor Association(CUDA),Urological Association of Chinese Research Hospital Association(CRHA-UA),Uro-Health Promotive Association of China International Exchange,Promotive Association for Medical,Health Care(CPAM-UHPA) Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430071China Department of Urology Institute of UrologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430071China Department of Urology Haikou People’s HospitalHaikou Afliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of MedicineHaikou 570208China Department of Urology the First Afliated Hospital and College of Clinical MedicineHenan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyang 450052HenanChina Department of Urology Henan Provincial People’s Hospi-talZhengzhou University People’s HospitalZhengzhou 450003China Department of Urology the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116023LiaoningChina Department of Urology Institute of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu 610041China Department of Urology Renji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200120China Department of Urology the People’s Hos-pital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous RegionUrumqi 830002China Depart-ment of Urology Huaihe Hospital of Henan UniversityKaifeng 475000HenanChina Institutes of Evidence-Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation Henan UniversityKaifeng 475000HenanChina Department of Urology the Second Afliated Hospital and Second Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhou 362000FujianChina Department of Urol-ogy the First Afliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230022China Department of Urology Guangdong Provincial People’s HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou 510080China Department of Urology Tianjin First Central HospitalTianjin 300190China Department of Urology Xinhua HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200092China Department of Urology Afliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang 550004China Department of Urology Qinghai University Afliated HospitalXining 810012China Department of Urology the First Afliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical Univ

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)is a major type of bladder cancer with a high incidence worldwide,resulting in a great disease *** and surveillance are the most important part of NIMBC *** 2018,we issued“Treatment and surveillance for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in China:an evidencebased clinical practice guideline”.Since then,various studies on the treatment and surveillance of NMIBC have been *** is a need to incorporate these materials and also to take into account the relatively limited medical resources in primary medical institutions in *** a version of guideline which takes these two issues into account to promote the management of NMIBC is therefore *** formed a working group of clinical experts and *** questionnaire investigation of clinicians including primary medical institutions,24 clinically concerned issues,involving transurethral resection of bladder tumor(TURBT),intravesical chemotherapy and intravesical immunotherapy of NMIBC,and follow-up and surveillance of the NMIBC patients,were determined for this *** and recommendations on the management of NMIBC in databases,guideline development professional societies and monographs were referred to,and the European Association of Urology was used to assess the certainty of generated ***,we issued 29 statements,among which 22 were strong recommendations,and 7 were weak *** recommendations cover the topics of TURBT,postoperative chemotherapy after TURBT,Bacillus Calmette–Guérin(BCG)immunotherapy after TURBT,combination treatment of BCG and chemotherapy after TURBT,treatment of carcinoma in situ,radical cystectomy,treatment of NMIBC recurrence,and follow-up and *** hope these recommendations can help promote the treatment and surveillance of NMIBC in China,especially for the primary medical institutions.

关键词： Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer Bladder cancer Transurethral resection of bladder tumor Treatment Surveillance guideline

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guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with integrated traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine to increase efficiency and reduce toxicity

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Traditional Medicine Research 2023年第3期8卷 19-35页

作者： Zhi-Jun Xie Wei Cao Lin Huang Yang-Qin Xun Nan Yang Ping Wang Qiao Wang Meng-Juan Ren Hai-Chang Li Yun-Lan Liu Yu-Jun Tang Yue Hu Hui Zheng Juan-Juan Zhang Hui Lan Shou-Yuan Wu Qiang-Qiang Guo Ya-Jia Sun Xian-Zhuo Zhang Xiao-Hui Wang Xu-Ping Song Yan-Fang Ma Yao-Long Chen Cheng-Ping Wen Basic Medical School Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou 310053China Department of Rheumatology Guang’anmen HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100053China Center for Evidence-Based Medicine School of Basic MedicineLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China School of Public Health Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China The Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123China The First Clinical Medical College Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Center School of Chinese MedicineHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong Kong SARChina Institute of Health Data Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Research Unit of Evidence-Based Evaluation and guidelines(2021RU017) Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesSchool of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China WHO Collaborating Centre for guideline Implementation and Knowledge Translation Lanzhou 730000China

Rheumatoid arthritis imposes a huge disease *** practice guidelines do not meet the needs of integrated traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine in the treatment of rheumatoid *** established a guideline working group consists of a steering committee,a secretary group,an evidence evaluation group,a consensus group and a review group and developed a guideline following the guidance of the World Health Organization Handbook and the Chinese Medical *** guideline includes 35 recommendations which reached consensus by the two rounds Delphi *** recommendations were formulated to address the following themes of most concern to clinician:diagnostic imaging,disease staging,traditional Chinese medicine syndromes,effectiveness and toxicity of integrated traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine.

关键词： rheumatoid arthritis guideline traditional Chinese medicine toxicity

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Chinese guideline for lipid management(2023):a new guideline rich in domestic elements for controlling dyslipidemia

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老年心脏病学杂志:英文版 2023年第9期20卷 618-620页

作者： Jian-Jun LI Division of Cardio-Metabolic Center State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFu Wai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseaseChinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD)is the leading cause of death among urban and rural residents in China,and elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)is a causal risk factor for ASCVD.[1,2]Considering the increasing burden of ASCVD,lipid management is of the utmost *** 7 years interval,Chinese guideline for lipid management(2023)(lipid guideline 2023)has simultaneously been published in both Chinese Journal of Cardiology,Chinese Circulation Journal in Chinese language and Frontiers in Pharmacology in English,which has widely been acclaiming at home and abroad.

关键词： elevated simultaneous guideline

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Questionnaire of clinical questions for Clinical Practice guideline of Acupuncture-Moxibustion:Non-specific low back pain

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World Journal of Acupuncture-Moxibustion 2022年第2期32卷 109-114页

作者： Hui-ze LIN Xiang WANG Lan-ping LIU Yu-tong FEI Ke-xin ZHU Jing-wen FEI Ping-ping ZHANG Jiang-hong SHEN Jin-na YU Tao YANG Guang’anmen Hospital China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100053China Center for Evidence-Based Medicine Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing 100029China Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Guang’anmen HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100053China

The questionnaire aims to collect clinical questions for the Clinical Practice guideline of AcupunctureMoxibustion:Non-Specific Low Back *** questionnaire is consisted of single-choice questions,multiple-choice questions,ranking questions,and open *** are recommended to complete the open questions by using patients,intervention,comparator and outcome(PICO)framework,referring to the *** survey would take about 30 min to finish,and the answers from participants would greatly contribute to the formation of Clinical Practice guideline of Acupuncture-Moxibustion:Non-Specific Low Back Pain.

关键词： Acupuncture Moxibustion Low back pain guideline

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Recommend guideline on Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in China in 2020

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Infectious Diseases & Immunity 2023年第2期3卷 52-59页

作者： Shuiling Qu Qian Wang Xiaoyan Wang Yaping Qiao Jun Yao Zhen Li Xi Jin Zhixin Li Ailing Wang Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing 102206China National Center for Women and Children's Health Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 100081China National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 102206China

In China, a pilot project for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of the HIV was initiated in 2001. For the PMTCT of HIV, the Chinese government has released versions of the guidelines since 2004. In 2014, the World Health Organization released guidance on global processes and criteria for the validation of elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis. To promote the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B virus in China, the Chinese government updated the guideline for PMTCT of HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B in 2020 (briefly as guideline-2020). The guideline-2020 comprises 5 parts: goals, interventions, support measures, duties and cooperation of departments, and definition indicators for PMTCT of HIV and corresponding calculation formulas. Compared with the previous versions, the key points updated in the guideline-2020 are that the goals are set again, and health education and promotion, the procedure of HIV testing for pregnant women, and the antiretroviral therapy regimen for HIV-positive pregnant women and antiretroviral) prophylaxis regimen for infants are all updated. The antiretroviral prophylaxis regimen as zidovudine-lamivudine-nevirapine/lopinavir/ritonavir twice per day for 6 weeks is recommended for infants at high exposure risk to HIV, whereas the third antiretroviral therapy regimen as tenofovir-lamivudine-lopinavir/ritonavir is recommended for HIV-positive pregnant women, and indicators for PMTCT of HIV and corresponding calculation formulas are defined.

关键词： HIV PMTCT guideline Updated China

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Chinese guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Left Main Bifurcation Disease

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Cardiology Discovery 2022年第3期2卷 134-144页

作者： Chinese Society of Cardiology,Chinese Medical Association Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Cardiology Shaoliang Chen Yaling Han 不详 Nanjing First Hospital General Hospital of Northern Theater Command

The coronary left main(LM)artery is characterized by large caliber,length varying from15 mm,and 2 large daughter vessels branching from it;it supplies blood to a large area(>75%)of the *** bifurcation lesion is defined as the presence of atherosclerosis involving either or both of the 2 daughter ***,the optimal strategy of revascularization for diseased LM has been an interesting research topic for a long *** developments in percutaneous techniques,design,and materials of drug-eluting stents;intravascular imaging;new generation of antiplatelet medications;and particularly recent pooled evidence from randomized clinical trials comparing percutaneous coronary intervention with coronary artery bypass grafting,implantation of a drug-eluting stenting with or without other approved techniques is considered an important therapeutic approach for LM bifurcation *** the anatomical complexity of the LM,stenting LM bifurcations is technically demanding,and intraprocedural complications can be catastrophic given the large amount of jeopardized ***,the Chinese Society of Cardiology designed a writing committee with members from 3 working groups(ie,clinical research,intravascular imaging and physiology,and interventional cardiology)for the first time,to write a guideline on percutaneous treatment for LM bifurcation lesions,with view to improve the procedural quality and clinical *** guideline consists of introduction,anatomical description of the LM tree,risk stratification,strategies of revascularization,antiplatelet strategy,follow-up,and long-term management for patients with LM bifurcation lesions.

关键词： Coronary artery disease Left main bifurcation lesions Percutaneous coronary intervention guideline

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guideline for Postmarketing Chinese Medicine Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation

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Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2015年第6期21卷 473-480页

作者：王昕王志飞谢雁鸣张雯廖星常艳鹏 Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing Bionovo Medicine Development Co. Ltd.

Pharmacoeconomics is an important part of the postmarketing Chinese medicine （CM） evaluation, and postmarketing pharmacoeconomic evaluation can reveal the clinical and market value of CM. The purpose of establishing the guideline for pharmacoeconomic evaluation is to make the evaluation process and results regarding Chinese patent medicines both scientific and fair. Every country＇s guidelines for pharmacoeconomic evaluation act as reference guidelines, we have already drawn up the guideline that takes into account the special characteristics of CM; and these are in preparation for the postmarketing CM pharmacoeconomic evaluation.

关键词： postmarketing evaluation Chinese medicine pharmacoeconomics guideline

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