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Complementary Food Situation in Sierra Leone: Nutritional Problems and Possible Strategies—A Review

Food and Nutrition Sciences 2024年第2期15卷 113-128页

作者： Philip John Kanu Milton Margai Technical University Freetown Sierra Leone Institute of Food Technology Nutrition and Consumer Studies School of Agriculture and Food Sciences Njala University Sierra Leone Centre for Development and Food Safety Freetown Sierra Leone

Low nutrient density and bulkiness of complementary foods, early introduction of solid foods, and unhygienic practices during weaning stage of a child predispose infants to malnutrition, growth retardation, infection and high mortality. In most West African countries, especially in Sierra Leone, the use of a variety of home-made complementary foods prepared from locally grown foodstuffs during the weaning process is popular, with products traditionally known as pap (mesh rice water) fofo from cassava, ogi, gari, akamu and couscous. Sierra Leone is one of the countries in West Africa that has been reported to have a challenging situation with regards to complementary foods, and little effort has so far been done to improve the situation. Despite these challenges, very little work has been directed towards the development of complementary foods using local foodstuffs as practiced in some other African countries. This situation has serious impact on the lives of infants in Sierra Leone, thus increasing the rate of mortality in the country. Complementary food situation in Sierra Leone was reviewed in terms of the past and present practices as well as the types of complementary foods used in Sierra Leone. Thus, the objective of this review was to discuss the complementary food situation in Sierra Leone: Nutritional problems and possible strategies. Formulation of high nutritive value home-made complementary foods in the country was recommended using traditional food processing techniques such as fermentation and germination, since these methods are simple, and could easily be employed at household and community levels without the use of sophisticated machinery. Nonetheless, it was recently reported that a product from the orange-flesh sweet potato could address the issue of complementary food in the country as it is easy to prepare, and the products are easily available in the rural area and even urban settings. Other recommendations made include: community nutrition education, the development of weaning recipe book,

关键词： Complementary Food Pap Malnutrition growth retardation

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Study of the Effects of Glucocorticoid on growth and Adult Final Height in Children with Primary Nephrotic Syndrome

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Open Journal of Nephrology 2024年第1期14卷 1-9页

作者： Fazhan Zhong Miao Zhang Yan Gao Department of Pediatric Nephrology Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of growth, as well as factors associated with growth retardation in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS), and to investigate the effect of glucocorticoid (GC) use duration on growth retardation in these children. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data of 353 PNS children treated at our hospital from July 2014 to June 2015 were collected through the medical record management system. Height, weight, and GC usage were recorded. Follow-up assessments were conducted in August 2022 for the original group, recording height, weight, and GC usage. Height and weight were evaluated using standard deviation scores (SDS). Categorical data were analyzed using chi-square test while continuous measurement data were analyzed using t-test or rank-sum test. Linear regression was used to assess the association between two single independent variables, and logistic regression analysis was used to screen for risk factors related to growth retardation in children with PNS. Results: Among the 353 PNS children enrolled in this study, male-to-female ratio of 2.64:1 (256 males vs 97 females). A total of 119 children exhibited growth retardation, incidence rate of 33.71%. The duration of GC usage among those with growth retardation was significantly longer compared to those without it (762.81 ± 934.50 days vs 263.77 ± 420.49 days;p Conclusion: PNS children treated with GC have a high incidence of growth retardation, and a high proportion of short stature in adulthood, especially in children with growth retardation in childhood, most of them have short stature after grown up. Time of GC usage is a risk factor for growth retardation in children with PNS.

关键词： Primary Nephrotic Syndrome Glucocorticoid Children growth retardation Adult Height

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Selenoproteins synergistically protect porcine skeletal muscle from oxidative damage via relieving mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress

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畜牧与生物技术杂志:英文版 2023年第5期14卷 2180-2196页

作者： Jinzhong Jing Ying He Yan Liu Jiayong Tang Longqiong Wang Gang Jia Guangmang Liu Xiaoling Chen Gang Tian Jingyi Cai Lianqiang Che Bo Kang Hua Zhao Key Laboratory for Animal Disease‑Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairsof Sichuan ProvinceAnimal Nutrition InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu 611130SichuanChina College of Animal Science and Technology Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu 611130SichuanChina

Background The skeletal muscle of pigs is vulnerable to oxidative damage,resulting in growth retardation.Selenoproteins are important components of antioxidant systems for animals,which are generally regulated by dietary selenium(Se)level.Here,we developed the dietary oxidative stress(DOS)-inducing pig model to investigate the protective effects of selenoproteins on DOS-induced skeletal muscle growth retardation.Results Dietary oxidative stress caused porcine skeletal muscle oxidative damage and growth retardation,which is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction,endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress,and protein and lipid metabolism disorders.Supplementation with Se(0.3,0.6 or 0.9 mg Se/kg)in form of hydroxy selenomethionine(OH-SeMet)linearly increased muscular Se deposition and exhibited protective effects via regulating the expression of selenotranscriptome and key selenoproteins,which was mainly reflected in lower ROS levels and higher antioxidant capacity in skeletal muscle,and the mitigation of mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress.What’s more,selenoproteins inhibited DOS induced protein and lipid degradation and improved protein and lipid biosynthesis via regulating AKT/mTOR/S6K1 and AMPK/SREBP-1 signalling pathways in skeletal muscle.However,several parameters such as the activity of GSH-Px and T-SOD,the protein abundance of JNK2,CLPP,SELENOS and SELENOF did not show dose-dependent changes.Notably,several key selenoproteins such as MSRB1,SELENOW,SELENOM,SELENON and SELENOS play the unique roles during this protection.Conclusions Increased expression of selenoproteins by dietary OH-SeMet could synergistically alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress,recover protein and lipid biosynthesis,thus alleviate skeletal muscle growth retardation.Our study provides preventive measure for OS-dependent skeletal muscle retardation in livestock husbandry.

关键词： Dietary oxidative stress Endoplasmic reticulum stress growth retardation Mitochondrial dysfunction Selenoproteins Skeletal muscle

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Integration of cold tolerance and growth retardation in plants conferred by CbCBF from Capsella bursa-pastoris

Integration of cold tolerance and growth retardation in plan...

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从植物科学到农业发展——2012全国植物生物学大会

作者： Mingqi Zhou,Lihua Wu,Chen Shen,Ming Xu,Juan Lin~* State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering,Institute of Plant Biology,School of Life Sciences,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,People’s Republic of China

Plant cells respond to cold stress in a regulatory mechanism leading to enhanced cold acclimation accompanied by growth retardation.The C-repeat binding factor(CBF) signaling pathway plays a key role in cold response of higher plants.Our previous report documented a novel CBF-like gene named CbCBF(GenBank accession no.AY391121) from Capsella bursa-pastoris,which was responsive to chilling temperature.Here,we show that CbCBF protein subcellularly localizes to the nucleus.Analysis of expression pattern and characterization of promoter reveal that CbCBF is obviously responsive to chilling,freezing,ABA,GA,IAA and MeJA treatments.Compared with control plants, transgenic tobacco lines overexpressing CbCBF exhibit both enhanced chilling and freezing tolerance and elevated expression levels of endogenous cold induced genes.Meanwhile, growth retardations in CbCBF transformants including dwarf phenotype and delayed flowering are observed.Microscopy and flow cytometry analysis show that leaf cells of CbCBF overexpression lines undergo delayed cycles in G1/S stage and attain smaller sizes, in which the transcription levels of some related cyclin genes are altered.In addition,the dwarf phenotypes of CbCBF transformants can be partially restored by exogenous GA treatments.Accordingly,CbCBF overexpression reduces the endogenous bioactive gibberellin and auxin contents and disturbs the expression levels of gibberellin metabolic related genes in tobacco leaf cells.We conclude that expression of CbCBF is induced by cold and phytohormone,which causes increased cold resistance and growth suppression via activating cold responsive function genes and affecting endogenous gibberellin biosynthesis and cell cycle pathway in plant cells.

关键词： Capsella bursa-pastoris cell cycle cold tolerance gibberellin growth retardation transgenic tobacco.

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Consequences of Helicobacter pylori infection in children

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第41期16卷 5181-5194页

作者： Lucia Pacifico Caterina Anania John F Osborn Flavia Ferraro Claudio Chiesa Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University of Rome 324 I-00161 Rome Italy Department of Public Health Sciences Sapienza University of Rome I-00185 Rome Italy Department of Molecular Medicine National Research Council I-00133 Rome Italy

Although evidence is emerging that the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is declining in all age groups, the understanding of its disease spectrum continues to evolve. If untreated, H. pylori infection is lifelong. Although H. pylori typically colonizes the hu-man stomach for many decades without adverse con-sequences, children infected with H. pylori can manifest gastrointestinal diseases. Controversy persists regarding testing (and treating) for H. pylori infection in children with recurrent abdominal pain, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenia, and poor growth. There is evidence of the role of H. pylori in childhood iron deficiency anemia, but the results are not conclusive. The possibility of an inverse relationship between H. pylori and gastroesophageal reflux disease, as well as childhood asthma, remains a controversial question. A better understanding of the H. pylori disease spectrum in childhood should lead to clearer recommendations about testing for and treating H. pylori infection in children who are more likely to develop clinical sequelae.

关键词： Helicobacter pylori Children Gastrointestinal diseases Epigastric pain Anemia growth retardation Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic pupura

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The toxicological effect of dietary excess of saccharicterpenin,the extract of camellia seed meal,in piglets

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2020年第1期19卷 211-224页

作者： WANG Man YU Bing HE Jun YU Jie LUO Yu-heng LUO Jun-qiu MAO Xiang-bin CHEN Dai-wen Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition Animal Nutrition InstituteSichuan Agricultural University

Recently, saccharicterpenin extracted from Camellia oleifera seed meal has become a widely used feed supplement in animal husbandry. In order to assess its safety, this study was designed to investigate the toxicity and histopathological effects of saccharicterpenin on piglets. One hundred-fifty weaned pigs((Yorkshire×Landrace)×Duroc), 75 males and 75 females with body weight(BW) of(7.35±0.29) kg, were randomly allotted to groups receiving diets supplemented with 0, 500, 1 000, 2 500 or 5 000 mg kg^–1 saccharicterpenin for 70 d. The diet with 500 mg kg^–1 saccharicterpenin supplementation improved liver glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity, and the diet with 1 000 mg kg^–1 saccharicterpenin supplementation improved liver glutathione S-transferase(GSH-S) activity in piglets on d 70(Pgrowth retardation, hematological abnormalities and organ injuries.

关键词： growth retardation hematology organ injury piglets saccharicterpenin

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