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A Quasi-Linear Relationship between Planetary Outgoing Longwave Radiation and Surface Temperature in a Radiative-Convective-Transportive Climate Model of a Gray Atmosphere

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第1期41卷 8-18页

作者： Jie SUN Michael SECOR Ming CAI Xiaoming HU Department of Earth Oceanand Atmospheric ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida 32304USA School of Atmospheric Sciences Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)Zhuhai 519082China Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies Zhuhai 519082China

In this study,we put forward a radiative-convective-transportive energy balance model of a gray atmosphere to examine individual roles of the greenhouse effect of water vapor,vertical convection,and atmospheric poleward energy transport as well as their combined effects for a quasi-linear relationship between the outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)and surface temperature(T_(S)).The greenhouse effect of water vapor enhances the meridional gradient of surface temperature,thereby directly contributing to a quasi-linear OLR-T_(S) relationship.The atmospheric poleward energy transport decreases the meridional gradient of surface temperature.As a result of the poleward energy transport,tropical(high-latitude)atmosphere-surface columns emit less(more)OLR than the solar energy input at their respective locations,causing a substantial reduction of the meridional gradient of the OLR.The combined effect of reducing the meridional gradients of both OLR and surface temperature by the poleward energy transport also contributes to the quasi-linear OLR-T_(S) relationship.Vertical convective energy transport reduces the meridional gradient of surface temperature without affecting the meridional gradient of OLR,thereby suppressing part of the reduction to the increasing rate of OLR with surface temperature by the greenhouse effect of water vapor and poleward energy transport.Because of the nature of the energy balance in the climate system,such a quasi-linear relationship is also a good approximation for the relationship between the annual-mean net downward solar energy flux at the top of the atmosphere and surface temperature.

关键词： outgoing longwave radiation greenhouse effect poleward energy transport

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A New Perspective of the Physical Processes Associated with the Clear-Sky greenhouse effect over High Latitudes

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2004年第2期21卷 171-180页

作者： Zuohao CA0 Ronald E．STEWART M．K．YAU MeteorologicalServiceofCanada Ontario Canada DepartmentofAtmosphericandOceanicSciences McGillUniversityMontreal Quebec Canada

The physical processes associated with the clear-sky greenhouse effect in the presence of water vapor are examined by including surface emissivity in the greenhouse effect formulation, and by introducing a new way to partition physical processes of the greenhouse effect. In this new framework, it is found that the clear-sky greenhouse effect is governed by three physical processes associated with (1) the temperature contrast between the surface and the atmosphere, (2) the interaction between the surface emissivity and the temperature contrast, and (3) the surface emissivity. The importance of the three physical processes is assessed by computing their vertical and spectral variations far the subarctic winter and summer standard atmosphere using the radiation model MODTRAN3 (Moderate Resolution Transmittance code Version 3). The results show that the process associated with the temperature contrast between the surface and the atmosphere dominates over the other two processes in magnitude. The magnitude of this process has substantial variations in the spectral region of 1250 to 1880 cm-1 and in the far infrared region. Due to the low-level temperature inversion over the subarctic winter, there exists a negative contribution to the greenhouse trapping. The seasonal variations are, however, dominated by the processes associated with the interaction between the surface emissivity and the temperature contrast as well as the surface emissivity itself. The magnitudes of these two physical processes contributing to the greenhouse trapping over the subarctic winter are about 7 to 10 times of those over the subarctic summer, whereas the magnitude of the processes associated with the temperature contrast in the subarctic summer is only about 2 times of that in the subarctic winter.

关键词： greenhouse effect surface ernissivity physical processe high latitude seasonal variation

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Sensitivity experiments and assessment of climatic changes in China induced by greenhouse effect

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 1990年第4期2卷 73-84页

作者： Zhao Zongci and Ding YihuiAcademy of Meteorological Science,State Meteorological Administration,Beijing 100081,China

Climatic changes can be separated into two parts: natural changes -and human activity influenced on climatic changes. The observed data could not only show the effects caused by human activity. Several simulated results as simulated by the GCMs induced by the greenhouse effects in China .have been analysed. It is shown that an obvious warming of about 3-6℃ in winter and 2-5℃ in summer in China as simulated by the GCMs induced by doubling CO2 have been found. There are getting drier or wetter regions in China due to doubled CO2 as simulated by most of models. Comparing the simulated results with the observed data in China, some simulated results are able to be believed. The GCMs should be improved, especially in the regional areas.

关键词： greenhouse effect climatic changes global warming.

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Decoupling CO₂ from Climate Change

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International Journal of Geosciences 2024年第3期15卷 246-269页

作者： Michael Nelson David B. Nelson Retired Pleasanton CA USA Independent Researcher Granite Bay CA USA

This study determines if there is a correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and global warming. Historical data were reviewed from three different time periods spanning 500 million years. It showed that the curves and trends were too dissimilar to establish a connection. Observations from CO2/temp ratios showed that the CO2 and the temperature moved in opposite directions 42% of the time. Many ratios displayed zero or near zero values, reflecting a lack of response. As much as 87% of the ratios revealed negative or near zero values, which strongly negate a correlation. The infrared spectra showed the greenhouse Gases had an exceptionally low absorption band between 11.67 μm to 9.1 μm, which is a zone called the infrared atmospheric window. Most of the greenhouse Gases absorb little infrared inside that zone. And that zone is where the Earth’s surface emits almost all infrared radiation. Even with minimal absorbance, water vapor captures the most infrared radiation. It absorbs 84 times more than CO2, 407 thousand times more than methane, 452 thousand times more than ozone and 2.3 million times more than nitrous oxide. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United States EPA excluded water vapor because it was not associated with man-made activities. They reported that water vapor and clouds were simply feedback mechanisms from CO2. Clouds reflect radiation from the sun. The Northern Hemisphere is 2.7°F warmer than the Southern Hemisphere because of clouds. The world cloud cover has gone down 4.1% from 1982 to 2018. Calculations show that this could be responsible for 2.4°F of the 2.7°F. The research shows that most of the recent increase in temperature (89.9%) is because of fewer clouds.

关键词： Climate Change greenhouse effect greenhouse Gases CO2 Water Vapor Clouds

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Variations of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration and greenhouse effect at Syowa Station (69°00'S, 39°35'E), Antarctica

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 1991年第3期8卷 363-368页

作者：曲绍厚山内恭 Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 100029 Beijing China National Institute of Polar Research Tokyo Japann the basis of the analysis of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration variations and the annual mean air temperature at Syowa Station Antarctica in the period of 1984-1988 the following results are easily obtained:(1) The annual mean values of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration are gradually increased and equal to 342.59 343.80 345.15 346.83 and 348.82 ppmv for 1984 1985 1986 1987 and 1988 respectively. Its annual increase rates are 1.21 1.35 1.68 and 1.99 ppmv/yr. For 1984-1985 1985-1986 1986-1987 and 1987-1988 respectively and are raised year by year.The seasonal variations are observed and the maximum concentration is in spring and the minimum one is in late-summer or early-autumn.(2)The increasing tendency of the concentration of the atmospheric carbon dioxide is consistent with that of the a.ir temperature.

On the basis of the analysis of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration variations and the annual mean air temperature at Syowa Station, Antarctica in the period of 1984-1988, the following results are easily obtained:(1) The annual mean values of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration are gradually increased and equal to 342.59, 343.80, 345.15, 346.83 and 348.82 ppmv for 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987 and 1988, respectively. Its annual increase rates are 1.21, 1.35, 1.68 and 1.99 ppmv/yr. For 1984-1985, 1985-1986, 1986-1987 and 1987-1988, respectively and are raised year by year.The seasonal variations are observed and the maximum concentration is in spring and the minimum one is in late-summer or early-autumn.(2)The increasing tendency of the concentration of the atmospheric carbon dioxide is consistent with that of the a.ir temperature.

关键词： greenhouse effect Carbon Dioxide Concentration Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Antarctic Region Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration

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Influences of greenhouse effect on agricultural production in China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 1990年第4期2卷 3-10页

作者： Gao Suhua, Ding Yihui, Pan Yaru and Zhao Zongci Academy of Meteorological Science,State Meteorological Administration,Beijing 100081,China

An obvious warming in China induced by doubled carbon, dioxide as simulated by the climatic models have been found. It is also noticed that there might be drying or wetting in some parts of China induced by doubled CO2 as simulated by the general circulation models(GCMs). Agricultural productivity mainly depends on the temperature, rainfall and soil moisture in China. The changes of agricultural productivity in the different parts of China induced by doubled CO2 have been estimated in this paper. It is shown that the greenhouse effect might cause increasing production in some parts of China and decreasing production in other parts of China.

关键词： greenhouse effect agricultural productivity doubled CO2 GCMs climatic productivity force.

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CHANGES OF PRECIPITATION IN CHINA DUE TO THE ENHANCED greenhouse effect

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 1995年第2期5卷 41-58页

作者： Ge Quansheng(Institute of Geography, CAS, Beijing 100101People’s Republic of China)Wei-Chyung Wang(Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12205. U.S.A.)

We mainly discuss changes of precipitation in China due to growinggreenhouse gases using GCM1 model assuming the IPCC 'Business-as-Usual'Scenario. An increasing greenhouse effect will lead to precipitation increasesmostly in north of 30°N for winter, and strongly increases alap a slant belt fromNortheast China to Bay of Bangal for summer in China. The mp of increasingprecipitation are about 7.9, -0.7 and 13.6 percent for winter, and 6.4, 12.9 and 8.4percent for summer m China, Changjinang and Huanghe river valleys, respectively.The model results are also shown to imply that an increasing greenhouse effectenhances chanas of intense storms and shown for winter and summer in China.

关键词： greenhouse effect precipitation change storm surface air temperature

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THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE STRATOSPHERE IN greenhouse effect

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Acta meteorologica Sinica 1993年第1期7卷 50-60页

作者：郭彩丽李维亮刘煜 Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081

Two one-dimensional radiative-convective models with the same scheme and the different ranges that one is from surface to stratopause and the other is from surface to tropopause,have been developed to study the role played by the stratosphere in greenhouse effect.It is shown that the addition of stratospheric response may lead to an increase of 7—50 percent in radiative forcing at the tropopause,and an increase of 20—60 percent in surface temperature when the con- centration of the same gas in the two models increases at the same time;and when the same change in radiative forcing at the tropopause due to the same agent in the two models occurs,the addition of stratospheric response may lead to an in- crease of 5—20 percent in surface temperature;and allowing for the stratospheric adjustment means that the tempera- ture responses to the same flux change due to different causes are in far disagreement.

关键词： greenhouse effect stratosphere 1-D radiative-convective model temperature response

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ELEMENTARY VIEW OF greenhouse effect OF THE ATMOSPHERES OF VARIOUS PLANETS

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Acta meteorologica Sinica 1992年第2期6卷 251-253页

作者： H.L.Kuo Department of Geophysical Sciences the University of ChicagoChicagoIllinois 60637U.S.A.

The global mean temperatures of the atmosphere and the surface of various planets of the solar system are deter- mined by taking the system as in radiative equilibrium,with the atmosphere taken as transparent to solar radiation but with an albedo α,and composed of N layers each of which absorbs all infrared radiation that falls on it,and a top layer of partial absorptivity a,while the surface is taken as black.It is found that,for the earth's atmosphere with α=0.33, N=0,a=0.83,it gives the current observed mean surface temperature T_s=15℃ and the effective mean radiative temper- ature of the atmosphere T_a=242.6K.On the other hand;the atmosphere of Venus is characterized by α=0.70 and N=70,which yields a surface temperature of about 700K. It is also found that surface evaporation and absorption of solar radiation by the atmosphere tend to lower the sur- face temperature.

关键词： radiation balance greenhouse effect global mean temperature atmospheres of various planets

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Numerical Investigation of the Temperature and Flow Fields in a Solar Chimney Power Plant

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2023年第4期19卷 1055-1066页

作者： Roudouane Laouar Olaf Wünsch Laboratory of Environment Larbi Tebessi UniversityTebessaAlgeria Department of Fluid Dynamics University of KasselKasselGermany

In this work,a parametric two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics(CFD)analysis of a solar chimney power plant(a prototype located in Manzanares,Spain)is presented to illustrate the effects of the solar radiation mode in the collector on the plant performances.The simulations rely on a mathematical model that includes solar radiation within the collector;energy storage;air flow and heat transfer,and a turbine.It is based on the Navier-Stokes equation for turbulent flow formulated according to the standard k-εmodel.Moreover,the Boussinesq approach is used to account for the fluid density variations.Different solar radiation modes in the collector are compared and discussed.The obtained results are also compared with available experimental results.It is shown that the radiation model is essential to avoid overestimation of the energy absorbed by the plant and that results based on a two-dimensional model can resemble closely those produced by three-dimensional models.

关键词： Solar radiation model two-dimensional axisymmetric model Boussinesq model greenhouse effect

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