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Effect of delayed sowing on grain number, grain weight, and protein concentration of wheat grains at specific positions within spikes

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2023年第8期22卷 2359-2369页

作者： CHU Jin-peng GUO Xin-hu ZHENG Fei-na ZHANG Xiu DAI Xing-long HE Ming-rong State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Agronomy CollegeShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an 271018P.R.China

Delays in sowing have significant effects on the grain yield,yield components,and grain protein concentrations of winter wheat.However,little is known about how delayed sowing affects these characteristics at different positions in the wheat spikes.In this study,the effects of sowing date were investigated in a winter wheat cultivar,Shannong 30,which was sown in 2019 and 2020 on October 8(normal sowing)and October 22(late sowing)under field conditions.Delayed sowing increased the partitioning of ^(13)C-assimilates to spikes,particularly to florets at the apical section of a spike and those occupying distal positions on the same spikelet.Consequently,the increase in grain number was the greatest for the apical sections,followed by the basal and central sections.No significant differences were observed between sowing dates in the superior grain number in the basal and central sections,while the number in apical sections was significantly different.The number of inferior grains in each section also increased substantially in response to delayed sowing.The average grain weights in all sections remained unchanged under delayed sowing because there were parallel increases in grain number and ^(13)C-assimilate partitioning to grains at specific positions in the spikes.Increases in grain number m^(–2) resulted in reduced grain protein concentrations as the limited nitrogen supply was diluted into more grains.Delayed sowing caused the greatest reduction in grain protein concentration in the basal sections,followed by the central and apical sections.No significant differences in the reduction of the grain protein concentration were observed between the inferior and superior grains under delayed sowing.In conclusion,a 2-week delay in sowing improved grain yield through increased grain number per spike,which originated principally from an increased grain number in the apical sections of spikes and in distal positions on the same spikelet.However,grain protein concentrations declined in each section because of the increased g

关键词： wheat delay in sowing grain number grain weight grain protein concentration

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Late spring cold reduces grain number at various spike positions by regulating spike growth and assimilate distribution in winter wheat

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The Crop Journal 2023年第4期11卷 1272-1278页

作者： Feifei Lin Cheng Li Bo Xu Jian Chen Anheng Chen Muhammad A.Hassan Binbin Liu Hui Xu Xiang Chen Jianqiang Sun Jincai Li College of Agronomy Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefei 230031AnhuiChina Mengcheng County Planting Industry Development Center Bozhou 233500AnhuiChina Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Crop Production of Jiangsu Nanjing 210093JiangsuChina

Late spring cold(LSC) occurred in the reproductive period of wheat impairs spike and floret differentiation during the reproductive period,when young spikelets are very cold-sensitive.However,under LSC,the responses of wheat spikelets at various positions,leaves,and stems and the interactions between them at physiological levels remain unclear.In the present study,two-year treatments at terminal spikelet stage under two temperatures(2 C,-2 C) and durations(1,2,and 3 days) were imposed in an artificial climate chamber to compare the effects of LSC on grain number and yield in the wheat cultivars Yannong 19(YN19,cold-tolerant) and Xinmai 26(XM26,cold-sensitive).The night temperature regimes were designed to reproduce natural temperature variation.LSC delayed plant growth and inhibited spike and floret differentiation,leading to high yield losses in both cultivars.LSC reduced dry matter accumulation(DMA,g) in spikes,stems,and leaves,reducing the DMA ratios of the spike to leaf and spike to stem.Plant cell wall invertase(CWINV) activity increased in upper and basal spikelets in YN19,whereas CWINV increased in middle spikelets in XM26.Under LSC,soluble sugar and glucose were transported and distributed mainly in upper and basal spikelets for glume and rachis development,so that spike development was relatively complete in YN19,whereas the upper and basal spikelets were severely damaged and most of the glumes in middle spikelets were relatively completely developed in XM26,resulting in pollen abortion mainly in upper and basal spikelets.The development of glumes and rachides was influenced and grain number per spike was decreased after LSC,with kernels present mainly in middle spikelets.Overall,reduced total DMA and dry matter partitioning to spikes under LSC results in poor spikelet development,leading to high losses of grain yield.

关键词： Wheat Late spring cold Dry matter accumulation Cell wall invertase grain number Yield

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Raised bed planting promotes grain number per spike in wheat grown after rice by improving spike differentiation and enhancing photosynthetic capacity

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2023年第6期22卷 1631-1644页

作者： DU Xiang-bei XI Min WEI Zhi CHEN Xiao-fei WU Wen-ge KONG Ling-cong Crop Research Institute Anhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefei 230031P.R.China Rice Research Institute Anhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefei 230031P.R.China

The yield of wheat in wheat–rice rotation cropping systems in the Yangtze River Plain, China, is adversely impacted by waterlogging. A raised bed planting(RBP) pattern may reduce waterlogging and increase the wheat yield after rice cultivation by improving the grain number per spike. However, the physiological basis for grain formation under RBP conditions remains poorly understood. The present study was performed over two growing seasons(2018/2019and 2019/2020) to examine the effects of the planting pattern(i.e., RBP and flat planting(FP)) on the floret and grain formation features and leaf photosynthetic source characteristics of wheat. The results indicated that implementation of the RBP pattern improved the soil–plant nitrogen(N) supply during floret development, which facilitated balanced floret development, resulting in a 9.5% increase in the number of fertile florets per spike. Moreover, the RBP pattern delayed wheat leaf senescence and increased the photosynthetic source capacity by 13.9%, which produced more assimilates for grain filling. Delayed leaf senescence was attributed to the resultant high leaf N content and enhanced antioxidant metabolism. Correspondingly, under RBP conditions, 7.6–8.6% more grains per spike were recorded, and the grain yield was ultimately enhanced by 10.4–12.7%. These results demonstrate that the improvement of the spike differentiation process and the enhancement of the leaf photosynthetic capacity were the main reasons for the increased grain number per spike of wheat under the RBP pattern, and additional improvements in this technique should be achievable through further investigation.

关键词： grain number floret development photosynthetic capacity wheat grown after rice

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A dynamic regulation of nitrogen on floret primordia development in wheat

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The Crop Journal 2024年第1期12卷 271-280页

作者： Zhen Zhang Yujing Li Yuxun Wu Xiaoyu Zheng Xiaolei Guo Wan Sun Zhencai Sun Zhimin Wang Yinghua Zhang College of Agronomy and Biotechnology China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China College of Biological Sciences China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China Engineering Technology Research Center for Agriculture in Low Plain Areas Cangzhou 061800HebeiChina

Nitrogen(N)fertilization is critical for spike and floret development,which affects the number of fertile florets per spike(NFFs).However,the physiological regulation of the floret development process by N fertilization is largely unknown.A high temporal-resolution investigation of floret primordia number and morphology,dry matter,and N availability was conducted under three N fertilization levels:0(N0),120(N1)and 240(N2)kg ha^(−1).Interestingly,fertile florets at anthesis stage were determined by those floret primordia with meiotic ability at booting stage:meiotic ability was a threshold that predicted whether a floret primordium became fertile or abortive florets.Because the developmental rate of the 4th floret primordium in the central spikelet was accelerated and then they acquired meiotic ability,the NFFs increased gradually as N application increased,but the increase range decreased under N2.There were no differences in spike N concentration among treatments,but leaf N concentration was increased in the N1 and N2 treatments.Correspondingly,dry matter accumulation and N content of the leaf and spike in the N1 and N2 treatments was increased as compared to N0.Clearly,optimal N fertilization increased leaf N availability and transport of assimilates to spikes,and allowed more floret primordia to acquire meiotic ability and become fertile florets,finally increasing NFFs.There was no difference in leaf N concentration between N1 and N2 treatment,whereas soil N concentration at 0–60 cm soil layers was higher in N2 than in N1 treatment,implying that there was still some N fertilization that remained unused.Therefore,improving the leaf’s ability to further use N fertilizer is vital for greater NFFs.

关键词： Fertile florets Floret primordia grain number Meiotic ability Morphological development

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A Cytokinin Oxidase Coordinates the Source and Sink Relationship by Regulating Leaf Senescence and grain number of Rice

A Cytokinin Oxidase Coordinates the Source and Sink Relation...

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第三届全国植物开花·衰老与采后生物学大会

作者： Wei Zhang Kaixuan Peng Fubin Cui Jiangzhe Zhao Yuyang Wang Kewei Zhang Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology College of Chemistry and Life Sciences Zhejiang Normal University

Photosynthesis and grain number contribute to the source and sink which determine the crop yield. Premature leaf senescence significantly reduces the photosynthesis and severely decreases the crop yield. Cytokinins play important roles in leaf senescence and determine grain number. In this study, we characterized the important roles of a cytokinin oxidase CKXa in the chlorophyll accumulation, leaf senescence and grain number, which coordinately regulate the source and sink. OsCKXa was predominantly expressed in the leaves and panicles under normal condition, strongly induced by abscisic acid（ABA） and leaf senescence. Further investigation revealed the recombinant protein OsCKXa catalyzes the degradation of various cytokinins and shows substrate specificity towards cZ and tZ in vitro. Consistently, the cytokinin levels in the flag leaves of osckxa mutants were significantly increased compared to that of wild type at same stage. On the contrary, ABA level was reduced and the expression level of ABA biosynthesis genes were reduced and degradation genes were upregulated in osckxa mutants compared with wild type, which suggests that OsCKXa serves as an antagonist’s point between cytokinins and ABA in leaf senescence. Additionally, osckxa mutants exhibited a significant improvement of grain number by the increase of the branch number and tiller number which formed a larger sink. The coordinately regulation of the source of photosynthesis and the sink of grain number contribute to the 10.62～15.94% increase in grain yield of three independent lines. Our findings reveal that OsCKXa is an important gene involved in modulating the cytokinin level to coordinate source and sink relationship which determine grain yield.

关键词： Cytokinin oxidase Source Sink Leaf senescence grain number Rice

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GNS4, a novel allele of DWARF11, regulates grain number and grain size in a high-yield rice variety

GNS4, a novel allele of DWARF11, regulates grain number and ...

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江苏省遗传学会2017年学术研讨会——“技术创新与遗传...

作者： Yajun Tao Yong Zhou Jinyan Zhu Jun Miao Jun Liu Yanhua Liu Chuandeng Yi Zefeng Yang Zhiyun Gong Guohua Liang

Rice plays an extremely important role in food safety because it feeds more than half of the world’s population. Rice grain yield depends on biomass and the harvest index. An important strategy to break through the rice grain yield ceiling is to increase the biological yield. Therefore, genes associated with organ size are important targets for rice breeding. We characterized a rice mutant gns4（grain number and size on chromosome 4） with reduced organ size, fewer grains per panicle, and smaller grains compared with those of WT. Mapbased cloning indicated that the GNS4 gene, encoding a cytochrome P450 protein, is a novel allele of DWARF11（D11）. A single nucleotide polymorphism（deletion） in the promoter region of GNS4 reduced its expression level in the mutant, leading to reduced grain number and smaller grains. Morphological and cellular analyses suggested that GNS4 positively regulates grain size by promoting cell elongation. Overexpression of GNS4 significantly increased organ size, 1000-grain weight, and panicle size, and subsequently enhanced grain yields in both the Nipponbare and Wuyunjing7（a high-yielding cultivar） backgrounds. These results suggest that GNS4 is key target site with possible applications in rice yield breeding. GNS4 was identified as a positive regulator of grain number and grain size in rice. Increasing the expression level of this gene in a high-yielding rice variety enhanced grain yield. GNS4 can be targeted in breeding programs to increase yields.

关键词： Rice GNS4/D11 grain number grain size Cell elongation

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Seed Setting and Its Spatial Characteristics in Tartary Buckwheat(Fagopyrum tataricum)

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2022年第8期91卷 1659-1669页

作者： Dabing Xiang Yue Song Chao Song Yan Wan Xueling Ye Changying Liu Chenggang Liang Gang Zhao Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of Food and Biological EngineeringChengdu UniversityChengdu610106China French Associates Institute for Agriculture&Biotechnology of Drylands Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen-Gurion University of the NegevBeersheba84990Israel Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology Guizhou Normal UniversityGuiyang550001China

A low seed-setting rate is the main limiting factor influencing Tartary buckwheat production under high-yield cultivation conditions.To investigate the seed setting and its spatial characteristics,two Tartary buckwheat cultivars(high seed-setting rate cultivar Qianku 3;low seed-setting rate cultivar Liuku 3)were compared by a two-year field trial in 2017 and 2018.The results showed that the Tartary buckwheat underwent simultaneous flowering and fruiting.Flowers,generated from branch,were still blooming during the mature stage of grains on stem,which resulting in a greater number of flowers and grains on the branch than those on the stem at the low part of plant.The seed-setting characteristics significantly differed between two cultivars.The high seed-setting rate of Qianku 3 was 26.6%and 33.2%higher than Liuku 3 in 2017 and 2018,respectively.Meanwhile,Qianku 3 showed a higher filled grain number(157.8%)and seed-setting rate(66.4%)on branch than Liuku 3.A network analysis showed that the whole-plant seed-setting rate was positively correlated with grain number,which was closely correlated with flower number at the same position of plant.The path-coefficient analysis revealed that grains number on branches was the most dominant component(Path coefficient(P)=2.19)of the seed-setting rate,followed by grains number on stem(P=0.60).The grains number on branches showed the greatest positive direct effect with significant correlation(r=0.76 and Pgrain number of branches may play a vital role in improving the seed-setting rate in Tartary buckwheat.

关键词： grain number path-coefficient analysis seed-setting rate tartary buckwheat

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Enhancing rice grain production by manipulating the naturally evolved cis-regulatory element-containing inverted repeat sequence of OsREM20

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Molecular Plant 2021年第6期14卷 997-1011页

作者： Xiaowei Wu Yan Liang Hengbin Gao Jiyao Wang Yan Zhao Lekai Hua Yundong Yuan Ahong Wang Xiaohui Zhang Jiafan Liu Jie Zhou Xiangbing Meng Dahan Zhang Shaoyang Lin Xuehui Huang Bin Han Jiayang Li Yonghong Wang State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research(Beijing) Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China Innovation Academy for Seed Design Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China National Center for Gene Research Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200233China College of Resources and Environment Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghai 200234China College of Life Sciences Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaianShandong 271018China

grain number per panicle(GNP)is an important agronomic trait that contributes to rice grain yield.Despite its importance in rice breeding,the molecular mechanism underlying GNP regulation remains largely unknown.In this study,we identified a previously unrecognized regulatory gene that controls GNP in rice,Oryza sativa REPRODUCTIVE MERISTEM 20(OsREM20),which encodes a B3 domain transcription factor.Through genetic analysis and transgenic validation we found that genetic variation in the CArG box-containing inverted repeat(IR)sequence of the OsREM20 promoter alters its expression level and contributes to GNP variation among rice varieties.Furthermore,we revealed that the IR sequence regulates OsREM20 expression by affecting the direct binding of OsMADS34 to the CArG box within the IR sequence.Interestingly,the divergent pOsREM20IR and pOsREM20ΔIR alleles were found to originate from different Oryza rufipogon accessions,and were independently inherited into the japonica and indica subspecies,respectively,during domestication.Importantly,we demonstrated that IR sequence variations in the OsREM20 promoter can be utilized for germplasm improvement through either genome editing or traditional breeding.Taken together,our study characterizes novel genetic variations responsible for GNP diversity in rice,reveals the underlying molecular mechanism in the regulation of agronomically important gene expression,and provides a promising strategy for improving rice production by manipulating the cis-regulatory element-containing IR sequence.

关键词： rice(Oryza sativa L.) OsREM20 grain number inverted repeat sequence c/s-regulatory element transcriptional regulation

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EQUATIONS FOR grain SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2004年第1期19卷 66-74页

作者： Prabhata K.SWAMEE Nimisha SWAMEE B.E. (Civil) Student Bhatinda 151 001 Emeritus Fellow GZS College of Engrg. and Tech. India. Indian Inst. of Tech. Roorkee Roorkee 247 667

The grain size distribution of particulate material is of particular interest in the field of sediment transport. The size distribution is described by various equations, however no equation is flexible enough to satisfy the grain size distribution data faithfully. Presented herein are the equations for unimodal and multimodal grain size distribution curves. A graphical method has been given to evaluate the parameters involved in these equations. The size distribution equation can be used to estimate many properties of sediment sample like number of sediment particles, surface area of the particles and hydraulic conductivity. It is hoped that the equations will find many applications in studying sedimentation processes.

关键词： Bimodal distribution grain number grain size gradation Hydraulic conductivity Multimodal distribution Sediment Surface area Unimodal distribution

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