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Effects of climate change and human activity on lake shrinkage in gonghe basin of northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the past 60 years

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Journal of Arid Land 2016年第4期8卷 479-491页

作者： WU Duo CHEN Fahu LI Kai XIE Yaowen ZHANG Jiawu ZHOU Aifeng College of Earth and Environmental Sciences MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental SystemsLanzhou University

Changes in the status of freshwater resources are a topic of major global, regional and local concern. This is especially so in the arid and semi-arid regions of China, where shortage of water resources plays a crucial role in limiting sustainable socioeconomic development, as well as in sustaining natural ecosystems. Recent climate change, as well as the effects of localized human activity, such as the use of water for irrigation agriculture, may have significant effects on the status of the water resources in the region. Here, we report the results of a study of changes in the areas of lakes in gonghe basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau of China, over the last 60 years. The data were acquired from optical satellite images and demonstrate that the total water area of lakes in gonghe basin decreased significantly from the 1950s to 1980s. The cause is ascribed mainly to human activity including exploitation of farmland, against a background of increasing population; in addition, climatic data for the region demonstrate a minor drying trend during this period as the temperature increased slightly. After the construction of several reservoirs, significant amounts of water were redistributed to promote irrigation agriculture and we conclude that this caused a significant shrinkage of the natural lakes. However, both the area of farmland and the population size remained approximately constant after 1990. We conclude that the variation of the total area of lakes during the second period was mainly controlled by climatic factors （precipitation and temperature）. As the regional temperature reached a new high, the area of some of the lakes decreased sharply before finally maintaining a relatively steady state. We emphasize that anthropogenic climate change and human activity have both significantly influenced the status of water resources in the arid and semi-arid regions of China.

关键词： gonghe basin lake shrinkage climate change human activity

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Paleoclimate and Paleoenvironment of gonghe basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, During the Lastdeglacial: Weathering, Erosion and Vegetation Cover Affect Clay Mineral Formation

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2014年第2期88卷 647-660页

作者： SUN Qingfeng Christophe COLIN Faculty of Geography Northwest Normal University Laboratoire des Interactions et Dynamique des Environnements de Surface (IDES) UMR 8148CNRS Université de Paris-Sud

With the analysis of the sources and formation mechanism of the clay minerals in the sediment core from the Dalianhai lake in the gonghe basin,northeastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau,clay mineral composition proxies,grain-size and carbonate contents have been employed for high-resolution study in order to reconstruct East Asian Summer Monsoon （EASM） over the northeastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau during the *** study also extended to establish a relationship between vegetation cover changes and erosion during the last 14.5 ka with pollen record and clay mineral ***/kaolinite and smectite/（illite＋chlorite） ratios allow us to assess hydrolysis conditions in lowlands and/or physical erosion process in highlands of the gonghe *** 12.9 Cal ka BP,both mineralogical ratios show low values indicative of strong physical erosion in the basin with a dominant cold and dry *** 12.9 Cal ka BP,an increase in both mineralogical ratios indicates enhanced chemical weathering in the basin associated with a warm and humid *** beginning of Holocene is characterized by high smectite/（illite＋chlorite） and smectite/kaolinite ratios that is synchronous as with deposition of many peat laminae,implying the best warm and humid conditions specifically between 8.0 to 5.5 Cal ka *** time interval after 5.0 Cai ka BP is characterized by a return to high physical erosion and low chemical weathering with dry climate conditions in the *** variations of clay mineral assemblages with previous pollen results,we observe a rapid response in terms of chemical weathering and physical erosion intensity to a modification of the vegetation cover in the basin.

关键词： clay minerals vegetation gonghe basin Tibet-Qinghai Plateau Asian monsoon Holocene

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Variations in aeolian landform patterns in the gonghe basin over the last 30 years

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Journal of Mountain Science 2021年第8期18卷 2034-2047页

作者： QI Yu-han PAN Mei-hui HAO Ze-wen YANG An-na XUE Wen-xuan College of Geography and Environment Science Northwest Normal UniversityLanzhou730070China

Wind erosion,or the transportation and deposition of sand into desert dunes and aeolian loess,is one of the most important aeolian *** progression of aeolian landforms expands arid and barren landscapes,leading to the degradation of adjacent *** gonghe basin,as a typical plateau with abundant sand sources,is highly sensitive to changes in the local climate *** order to quantify the spatial-temporal variations in the aeolian landforms in the gonghe basin,we conducted field surveys and also analyzed twelve remote sensing(Landsat5 TM and Landsat8 OLI)images that sample the gonghe basin from 1989 to *** the gonghe basin,we identified aeolian landforms such as climbing dunes on the windward slopes of the foothills,checkerboard dunes in the southeastern part of the basin,flat dunes,parabolic dunes and crescent dunes on the east and west sides of Longyangxia Reservoir,shrubby sandbanks on the valley slope in Shazhuyu,Tanggemu,and Indel,and sandy thickets at the bottom of the valley near the Dalian Sea,the Longyangxia Reservoir,and the tributaries of the Yellow *** 1989 to 2005,the area of the aeolian regions expanded by 816.7 km2,with an annual conversion rate of 0.05%.From 2015 to 2019,the area of the aeolian regions shrunk by 2411.9 km2,with an annual conversion rate of−0.15%.The number and size of the fixed and semi-fixed dunes(*** shrubby sandbanks on the valley slope and the sandy thickets at the bottom of the valley)were more stable than those of the mobile dunes(*** checkerboard dunes,the flat dunes,the crescent dunes,the parabolic dunes,and the climbing dunes).The fixed and semi-fixed dunes were arranged in an irregular ring shape,and the location of the center of gravity of this ring did not change significantly from 1989 to 2019;in this time,the mobile dunes migrated to the northwest.

关键词： gonghe basin Spatial-temporal variation Aeolian processes Remote sensing interpretation

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Holocene Moisture Variation Recorded by Aeolian Sand-Palaeosol Sequences of the gonghe basin, Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2020年第3期94卷 668-681页

作者： LIU Bing ZHAO Hui JIN Heling CHEN Fahu Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of ScienceLanzhou 730000China Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Ministry of EducationLanzhou 73000China Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

The northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP) of China is located at the triple junction of the Asian winter and summer monsoons and the westerlies, where paleoclimatic evolution has an important scientific significance for recognizing the spatial-temporal pattern of Asian monsoons in the past and predicting environmental change in the future. Nevertheless, the framework of the Holocene moisture variation and related mechanisms remain controversial, owing to complex hydroclimatic conditions triggered by the landform of the large mountain-arid basin. Here, we employed geochemical proxies from typical aeolian sand-palaeosol sequences in the gonghe basin, northeastern QTP, together with Optically Stimulated Luminescence(OSL) dating, to reconstruct the pattern of effective moisture variation and associated mechanisms in this region. Our results indicate that the regional effective moisture was at its lowest until 9–8 ka, and approached a maximum during 8–4/3 ka of the middle Holocene. Afterwards, the climate became relatively dry in general, but with a transient humid interval around 2–1 ka. Our geochemical evidence indicates that the dry early Holocene probably can be attributed to a strong winter monsoon forced by remnant ice sheet, combined with the high evaporation caused by solar insolation. Also, shifts of humid-dry are closely linked to the Asian summer monsoonal strength and therefore the balance of evaporation-precipitation in the middle and late Holocene. Thus, the pattern of the Holocene effective moisture variation is characterized as the ‘monsoon model’ in a closed intermontane arid and semi-arid basin near the western Asian monsoonal limit.

关键词： effective moisture geochemical analysis aeolian deposits Holocene gonghe basin

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Using Landsat TM Imagery to Detect Desertification in gonghe basin at the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River

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Journal of China University of Mining and Technology 2006年第3期16卷 287-291页

作者： XU Huo ZENG Yong-nian North China Institute of Science and Technology East Yanjiao Beijing 101601 China School of Geography Science South China Normal University Guangzhou Guangdong 510631 China

In recent years, the ecological environment in the upper reaches of the Yellow River has been degraded due to natural and human factors. Environmental problems such as grassland degeneration, sandy desertification and water erosion have seriously affected regional economic sustainable development. The objective of this paper was to detect sandy desertification in the upper reaches of the Yellow River by means of remote sensing and GIS. The gonghe basin was chosen as the study site, which is one of the most seriously degraded regions in the area. Based on an analysis of the multi-temporal and multi-spectral Landsat TM data with GIS, sandy desertification processes were detected. The results show that sandy desertified land has increased and intensified seriously in the upper reaches of the Yellow River for the period from 1987 to 1996. There are two desertification processes at work in the study area: sand dune reactivation and development of badlands through wind erosion. Excessive human activities play an important role in the occurrence and development of desertification in this area. At present, acceleration of the desertification process is attributed to irrational human economic activities. Grasslands as well as the ecological environment of this area have been seriously degraded, which has affected the regional economic sustainable development and endangered the security of the Longyangxia reservoir. It is necessary and urgent to combat desertification and protect the environment. The results show that full use of remote sensing data with GIS in monitoring and assessing desertification is an effective measure of quantitative research.

关键词： sandy desertification detection remote sensing GIS gonghe basin

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Two stages power generation test of the hot dry rock exploration and production demonstration project in the gonghe basin,northeastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau,China

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China Geology 2024年第3期7卷 409-421页

作者： Er-yong Zhang Dong-guang Wen Gui-ling Wang Xian-peng Jin Lin-you Zhang Hai-dong Wu Wen-shi Wang Cheng-ming Ye Wei Weng Kuan Li Jin-sheng Wu Xian-chun Tang Chong-yuan Zhang Qing-da Feng Sheng Lian Li-sha Hu Gui-lin Zhu Xing-long Xie Bin Wu Dan Wang Xue Niu Zhao-xuan Niu Dong-lin Liu Hui Zhang Wen-hao Xu Shu-qing Yao Li Yang Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesTianjin 300304China Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyShijiazhuang 050061China Institute of Exploration Techniques Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyLangfang 065000China Institute of Exploration Engineering China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China Institute of Exploration Technology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChengdu 611734China Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences China Geological SurveyBeijing 100037China Institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyBeijing 100081China Geoscience Documentation Center China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China

The Hot Dry Rock(HDR)is considered as a clean and renewable energy,poised to significantly contribute to the global energy decarbonization *** HDR projects worldwide have accumulated valuable experience in efficient drilling and completion,reservoir construction,and fracture *** 2019,China Geological Survey(CGS)initiated a demonstration project of HDR exploration and production in the gonghe basin,aiming to overcome the setbacks faced by HDR *** the ensuing four years,the gonghe HDR project achieved the first power generation in 2021,followed by the second power generation test in *** establishing the primary well group in the initial phase,two directional wells and one branch well were *** progress was made in successfully constructing the targeted reservoir,realizing inter-well connectivity,power generation and grid connection,implementing of the real-time micro-seismic monitoring.A closed-loop technical validation of the HDR exploration and production was ***,many technical challenges remain in the process of HDR industrialization,such as reservoir fracture network characterization,efficient drilling and completion,multiple fracturing treatment,continuous injection and production,as well as mitigation of induced seismicity and numerical simulation technology.

关键词： Power generation Hot dry rock(HDR) Enhanced geothermal system(EGS) Genesis mechanism gonghe basin Directional drilling Reservoir construction Circulation test Induced seismicity Clean energy exploration engineering

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The first power generation test of hot dry rock resources exploration and production demonstration project in the gonghe basin,Qinghai Province,China

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China Geology 2022年第3期5卷 372-382页

作者： Er-yong Zhang Dong-guang Wen Gui-ling Wang Wei-de Yan Wen-shi Wang Cheng-ming Ye Xu-feng Li Huang Wang Xian-chun Tang Wei Weng Kuan Li Chong-yuan Zhang Ming-xing Liang Hong-bao Luo Han-yue Hu Wei Zhang Sen-qi Zhang Xian-peng Jin Hai-dong Wu Lin-you Zhang Qing-da Feng Jing-yu Xie Dan Wang Yun-chao He Yue-wei Wang Zu-bin Chen Zheng-pu Cheng Wei-feng Luo Yi Yang Hao Zhang En-lai Zha Yu-lie Gong Yu Zheng Chang-sheng Jiang Sheng-sheng Zhang Xue Niu Hui Zhang Li-sha Hu Gui-lin Zhu Wen-hao Xu Zhao-xuan Niu Li Yang Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBaoding 071051China Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyShijiazhuang 050061China Department of Natural Resources of Qinghai Province Xining 810001China Institute of Exploration Techniques Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyLangfang 065000China Department of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100037China Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences China Geological SurveyBeijing 100037China Beijing Institute of Exploration Engineering China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China Institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyBeijing 100081China Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyLangfang 065000China Institute of Exploration Technology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyChengdu 611734China Geoscience Documentation Center China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China Jilin University Changchun 130012China Oil and Gas Survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510640China Institute of Geophysics China Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100081China Institute of the Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology of Qinghai Xining 810008China

Hot dry rock(HDR)is a kind of clean energy with significant *** the 1970s,the United States,Japan,France,Australia,and other countries have attempted to conduct several HDR development research projects to extract thermal energy by breaking through key ***,up to now,the development of HDR is still in the research,development,and demonstration *** HDR exploration borehole(with 236℃ at a depth of 3705 m)was drilled into Triassic granite in the gonghe basin in northwest China in ***,China Geological Survey(CGS)launched the HDR resources exploration and production demonstration project in *** three years of efforts,a sequence of significant technological breakthroughs have been made,including the genetic model of deep heat sources,directional drilling and well completion in high-temperature hard rock,large-scale reservoir stimulation,reservoir characterization,and productivity evaluation,reservoir connectivity and flow circulation,efficient thermoelectric conversion,monitoring,and geological risk assessment,*** the whole-process technological system for HDR exploration and production has been preliminarily established *** first power generation test was completed in November *** results of this project will provide scientific support for HDR development and utilization in the future.

关键词： Hot dry rock Directional drilling Reservoir stimulation Microseismic monitoring Organic Rankine cycle(ORC) Power generation test Energy geological survey engineering gonghe basin Qinghai Province China

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Winter and summer monsoonal evolution in gonghe basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since the Last Glacial Maximum

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2013年第3期5卷 282-292页

作者： Bing Liu HeLing Jin Zhong Sun ZhiZhu Su CaiXia Zhang Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences School of History and Culture Shanxi University

Geochemical and grain size analysis on the DQ （Dongqi） profile from gonghe basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, indi- cates that regional climate has experienced several cold-dry and warm-wet cycles since the last glacial maximum （LGM）. The cold and dry climate dominated the region before 15.82 cal. ka B.E due to stronger winter monsoon and weaker summer monsoon, but the climate was relatively cold and wetter prior to 21 cal. ka B.E. In 15.824.5 cal. ka B.E, summer monsoon strength in- creased and winter monsoon tended to be weaker, implying an obvious warm climate. Specifically, the relatively cold and dry condition appeared in 14.7-13.7 cal. ka B.E and 12.14.5 cal. ka B.R, respectively, while relatively warm and wet in 13.~12.1 cal. ka B.E. The winter and summer monsoonal strength presents frequent fluctuations in the Holocene and relatively warm and wet conditions emerged in 9.5~.0 cal. ka B.E due to stronger summer monsoon. From 7.0 to 5.1 cal. ka B.E, the cycle of cold-dry and warm-wet climate corresponds to frequent fluctuations of winter and summer monsoons. The climate becomes warm and wet in 5.1 2.7 cal. ka B.E, accompanying increased summer monsoon, but it tends to be cold and dry since 2.7 cal. ka B.R due to en- hanced winter monsoonal strength. In addition, the evolution of regional winter and summer monsoons is coincident with warm and cold records from the polar ice core. In other words, climatic change in the gonghe basin can be considered as a regional re- sponse to global climate change.

关键词： last glacial maximum period gonghe basin aeolian deposits winter and summer monsoonal evolution

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Evaluation of water resources carrying capacity of gonghe basin based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method

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Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering 2016年第3期4卷 213-219页

作者： MENG Rui-fang YANG Hui-feng LIU Chun-lei Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

gonghe basin belongs to arid and semi-arid climatic zone, where water resource is relatively scarce and desertification is serious, so it is necessary to find out water resources carrying capacity. By using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, the assessment on water resources carrying capacity in gonghe basin was conducted: Water resource carrying capacity of gonghe County is less, while that of Guinan County and Chaka Town of Wulan County are greater; water resources of gonghe basin could sustain cultivated land of 652.6 thousand acres and grassland of 2 368.6 thousand acres respectively in 2020, water resources of gonghe basin could sustain cultivated land of 948.2 thousand acres and grassland of 2 247.6 thousand acres respectively in 2030.

关键词： gonghe basin Water resources carrying capacity Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method

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Geochemical evidences of dry climate in the Mid-Holocene in gonghe basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2012年第6期4卷 472-483页

Previous research on climatic change in the Mid-Holocene in China indicates that it was a warm and humid period, accompanied by stronger summer monsoons, and it is defined as the Megatherrnal in the Holocene, or the Holocene Optimum period. However, this conclusion is mainly dh＇eeted at the monsoonal region in eastem China. In this research, we chose the gonghe basin in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau as the study area. Geochemical analysis of the profiles of paleosols and aeolian sand in the Santala area in the middle of the gonghe basin, along with OSL （optically stimulated luminescence） dating, indicates that the regional climate has experienced several warm-humid and cold-dry cycles since 11.8 ka. In particular, the Mid-Holocene （8.14.6 ka） was relatively cold and dry as evidenced by drastic fluctuations in chemical weathering degree and humidity, a higher aridity index, and sparse vegetation, accompanying increased winter monsoonal strength. In order to clarify whether this is an individual or local signal, we compared our geochemical analysis results with lake and peat records and aeolian de- posits of the monsoonal boundary region. The results indicate that the climate deteriorated widely, with declines in temperature and moisture, in the Mid-Holocene in the modem monsoonal boundary zone. Furthermore, the duration of climate deteriora- tion （relatively dry period） generally decreased from west to east in the aforementioned regions. Therefore, this dry phase in gonghe basin may be representative of dry events in Mid-Holocene in northem China. In addition, we discuss the reasons for this dry climate from several perspectives：（1） it probably can be attributed to a decline in summer monsoonal strength; （2） the regional evaporation loss （forced by high temperature） was not compensated by regional precipitation; （3） the thermal dynamic effect of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

关键词： Mid-Holocene arid climate geochemical elements gonghe basin Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

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