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The genesis and resource potential of gold deposits in the Liaodong Peninsula

Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第3期67卷 657-672页

作者： Rixiang ZHU Jin-Hui YANG Gongwen WANG Qingdong ZENG Guoqiang XUE Tao XU Xinghui LI Peng ZHANG Da LEI Guang ZHU State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China Shenyang Center China Geological SurveyShenyang 110034China School of Resources and Environmental Engineering Hefei University of TechnologyHefei 230009China

Plenty of gold deposits related to Late Mesozoic craton destruction are widely distributed in eastern North China Craton. However, significant differences in research degrees, ore-forming characteristics, and proven reserves exist among different regions in the North China Craton. The Liaodong Peninsula has similar regional geological characteristics to those of the Jiaodong Peninsula, with both experiencing craton destruction during Late Mesozoic, but the two areas have substantial differences in terms of gold mineralization and the proven gold resources. Based on regional geology, Mesozoic magmatictectonic evolution and ore geology, combined with integrated geophysical exploration and big data AI resource prediction, in this paper, we propose that the ore-forming materials of Late Mesozoic gold deposits in Liaodong were mainly originated from mantle-derived melts and/or fluids induced by craton destruction. The gold deposits were primarily controlled by NE-NNEtrending faults, mainly classified as fracture-controlled altered rock-type and sulfide-bearing quartz vein-type. Moreover, our study predicts that the Yalu River fault zone and its related secondary faults, as well as the periphery and deeper parts of known goldfields, are the important regions for future gold resource exploration. The Yalu River metallogenic belt has an enormous potential for gold resources, and the Liaodong Peninsula has a potential to add thousands of tons of gold resources.

关键词： Liaodong Peninsula gold deposit Integrated geophysical exploration Prospecting potential Direction for prospecting breakthroughs

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In Situ Rb-Sr Dates of Muscovite and Sulfur Isotope of Pyrite from the Yangshan gold deposit in Western Qinling,China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2023年第5期97卷 1475-1489页

作者： HUANG Yong QI Xianmao WU Qingsong LI Jianzhong REN Minghua DUAN Liu’an XIONG Tao YANG Zhonghu ZHAO Yang CIREN Lamu WEI Wei DUAN Jilin YAN Mengmeng Civil-Military Integration Center of China Geological Survey Chengdu 610036China China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074China Department of Geoscience University of NevadaLas Vegas 89154-4010USA Yantai Geological Survey Center of Coastal Zone China Geological SurveyYantaiShandong 264000China East China University of Technology Nanchang 330013China

Located along the southern part of the West Qinling orogenic belt,the Yangshan gold deposit is one of the largest in China.The major gold ores of Yangshan are disseminated in metasedimentary host rocks with minor native gold amounts in stibnite-gold quartz veins.Pyrite and arsenopyrite are the major Au-bearing minerals.Hydrothermal muscovite from gold-bearing quartz veins was dated using the in situ Rb-Sr method to determine the formation age of the Yangshan gold deposit.The Rb-Sr isochron date of the muscovite yielded 210.1±5.6 Ma(MSWD=1.2).This date is near the lower end of the period of the mineralized granitic dykes(210.49-213.10 Ma).Two stages of gold enriching process are recognized in the gold-bearing pyrite:the first is incorporated with the Co,Cu,As,Ni enrichment;and the second is accompanied by Bi,Co,Ni,Pb,Cu,Sb concentration.The in-situ sulfur isotopic values of pyrites show a restrictedΔ34s range of-1.43‰to 2.86‰with a mean value of 0.43‰.Trace-element mapping and in-situ sulfur isotopic analysis of pyrite suggest that the sulfur deposits are likely derived from a magmatic source and likely assimilated by sulfur from the sedimentary bedrock.Thus,magmatism plays a critical role in the formation of the Yangshan gold deposit.

关键词： Rb-Sr dating trace-element mapping sulfur isotope gold deposit Yangshan Qinling orogenic belt

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Microthermometry and Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Fluid Inclusions in the Dongping gold deposit,Northern Margin of the North China Craton

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2023年第2期97卷 501-512页

作者： WEI Hao CHU Haixia XU Jiuhua LI Dong FENG Yunlei ZHANG Guorui Hebei Key Laboratory of Strategic Critical Mineral Resources Hebei GEO UniversityShijiazhuang 050031China China University of Geosciences(Beijing) Beijing 100083China University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083China East China University of Technology Nanchang 330013China

To shed light on the genesis of the Dongping deposit and reveal the behaviour of CO_(2),Au and other ore elements(e.g.,Cu,Fe,Zn,As,Sb,Co etc.)in ore-forming fluids,petrographic,microthermometric and synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence(SRXRF)analyses of fluid inclusions were conducted.The ore-forming fluid is characterized as an H_(2)O-CO_(2)-NaCl system with medium-high temperatures and low salinity.Four mineralization stages are identified,namely,feldsparquartz(stage 1);pyrite-white quartz(stage 2);sulfide-smoky grey quartz(stage 3);and carbonate-quartz(stage 4).Three types of inclusions were distinguished,based on fluid composition,phase assemblages and mode of homogenization.Type A:H_(2)O-rich fluid inclusions show 2 phases(liquid H_(2)O(LH_(2)O)+vapour H_(2)O(VH_(2)O))at room temperature and homogenize to the liquid phase.Type B:H_(2)O-CO_(2)fluid inclusions contain 2–3 phases(liquid H_(2)O(LH_(2)O)+vapour CO_(2)(VCO_(2));liquid H_(2)O(LH_(2)O)+liquid CO_(2)(LCO_(2)));liquid H_(2)O(LH_(2)O)+liquid CO_(2)(LCO_(2))+vapour CO_(2)(VCO_(2)))at room temperature and homogenized to the liquid H_(2)O phase.Type C:H_(2)O-CO_(2)fluid inclusions show 2 phases(liquid H_(2)O(LH_(2)O)+liquid CO_(2)(LCO_(2))at room temperature and homogenize to a critical state.CO_(2)is clearly more enriched in the fluid inclusions of stages 2 and 3 than in stage 1.Stage 1 is dominated by type A(H_(2)O-rich)inclusions with homogenization temperatures(Th)of 220–359℃and salinities of 1.1–3.1 wt%NaCl equivalent.Type B(CO_(2)-rich)inclusions gradually increase in stages 2 and 3.The Th range of type B inclusions in stage 2 is 241–397℃with salinities of 2.2–6.9 wt%NaCl equivalent;the Th range of type A inclusions is 217–373℃with salinities of 1.2–8.1 wt%NaCl equivalent.The Th range of type B inclusions in stage 3 is 215–361℃with salinities of 2.9–6.1 wt%NaCl equivalent;the range of type A inclusions is 158–351℃with a salinity of 0.7–5.5 wt%NaCl equivalent.Stage 4 is characterized by type A with Th of 151–250℃and salinities of 0.9–8.3 wt%NaCl

关键词： petrographic studies fluid inclusion gold deposit SRXRF Dongping

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Soil geochemical prospecting prediction method based on deep convolutional neural networks-Taking Daqiao gold deposit in Gansu Province, China as an example

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China Geology 2022年第1期5卷 71-83页

作者： Yong-sheng Li Chong Peng Xiang-jin Ran Lin-Fu Xue She-li Chai Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey Ministry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100037China College of Earth Sciences Jilin UniversityChangchun 130061China Technical Guidance Center for Mineral Exploration Ministry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China College of Geographical Sciences Shanxi Normal UniversityLinfen 041004China College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology Jilin UniversityChangchun 130026China

A method is proposed for the prospecting prediction of subsurface mineral deposits based on soil geochemistry data and a deep convolutional neural network model.This method uses three techniques(window offset,scaling,and rotation)to enhance the number of training data for the model.A window area is used to extract the spatial distribution characteristics of soil geochemistry and measure their correspondence with the occurrence of known subsurface deposits.Prospecting prediction is achieved by matching the characteristics of the window area of an unknown area with the relationships established in the known area.This method can efficiently predict mineral prospective areas where there are few ore deposits used for generating the training dataset,meaning that the deep-learning method can be effectively used for deposit prospecting prediction.Using soil active geochemical measurement data,this method was applied in the Daqiao area,Gansu Province,for which seven favorable gold prospecting target areas were predicted.The Daqiao orogenic gold deposit of latest Jurassic and Early Jurassic age in the southern domain has more than 105 t of gold resources at an average grade of 3-4 g/t.In 2020,the project team drilled and verified the K prediction area,and found 66 m gold mineralized bodies.The new method should be applicable to prospecting prediction using conventional geochemical data in other areas.

关键词： Soil geochemistry Spatial feature matching gold deposit Deep learning Mineral prospecting prediction model Data augmentation mineral exploration engineering Gansu Province China

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Analysis of the Ore-Controlling Structure of Ductile Shear Zone Type gold deposit in Southern Beishan Area, Gansu, Northwest China

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Journal of China University of Geosciences 2007年第1期18卷 30-38页

作者：陈柏林吴淦国叶德金刘晓春舒斌杨农 Institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences School of the Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China School of the Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences Jiuquan Geological Party of Gansu

The ductile shear zone-type gold deposit is a kind that both the ore-forming mechanism and ore-controlling factors are closely related to the ductile shear zone and its evolution. Ductile shear zone develops in Beishan area, Gansu of Northwest China, and develops especially well in the south belt. The controls of the ductile shear zone on gold deposits are as follows. （1） The regional distribution of gold deposits （and gold spots） is controlled by the ductile shear zone. （2） The ductile-brittle shear zone is formed in the evolution process of ductile shear zone and both are only ore-bearing structures and control the shape, attitude, scale, and distribution of mineralization zones and ore-bodies. （3） Compresso-shear ductile deformation results in that the main kind of gold mineralization is altered mylonite type and the main alteralization is metasomatic. （4） Ore-bearing fracture systems are mainly P-type ones, some D-type and R-type ones, but only individual R＇-type and T-type ones. （5） Dynamic differen- tiation and dynamic metamorphic hydrothermal solution resulting from ductile deformation is one of the sources of ore-forming fluid of gold mineralization, and this is identical with that ore-forming materials are mainly from metamorphic rocks, and ore-forming fluid is mainly composed of metamorphic water, and with the fluid inclusion and geo-chemical characteristics of the deposit. （6） There is a negative correlation between the gold abundance and susceptibility anlsotropy （P） of the altered mylonlte samples from the deposit, which shows that the gold mineralization is slightly later than the structural deformation. All above further expound the ore-forming model of the ductile shear zone type of gold deposits.

关键词： analysis of ore.controlling structure gold deposit ductile shear zone Beishanarea of Gansu Northwest China

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Fluid Inclusions and Daughter Minerals of Taibai gold deposit, ShaanXi Province, China

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Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing 2001年第1期8卷 6-9页

作者： YulingXie, Jiuhua Xu, Dayi Qian, Jianping Li Resources Engeneering School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China Resources Engeneering School Univ. of Science/Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China

A discovery of daughter minerals in fluid inclusions of Taibai gold deposit, Shaanxi province has been focused on, which is a unique breccia-cemented gold-bearing system. The breccia zone strikes NWW-SEE, occurring in Devonian strata of Southern Qinling Mountains. The cement is mainly composed of ankerite, pyrite, calcite and quartz, which may be divided into four main tectonic-mineralizing stages. gold mainly occurs in pyrite and ankerite of stage II and IV. It is found that three types of fluid inclusions can be distinguished: (1) aqueous inclusions (type B); (2) CO2-rich inclusions (type C); (3) daughter minerals-containing inclusions (type A). LRM. (Laser Raman Micro-probe) analyses shows that the content of CO2 occupies 54.4%-70.7% (mole fraction, so as the follows) in vapor phases of different type fluid inclusions. CH4 (5.2%-7.3%) and H2S (6.0%-12.7%) exist in both vapor and liquid phases. Many daughter minerals in fluid inclusions of ankerite and quartz have been found. Several kinds of daughter minerals, including ankerite, pyrite, arsenopyrite and halite, were determined by using SEM (scanning electron microscope)/EDS (energy dispersive spectrometer) technique. EPMA (electron probe micro-analysis) technique was also applied to study the daughter minerals exposed to the surface of polished thin sections.

关键词： daughter minerals fluid inclusions gold deposit breccia

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Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements in Aktishikan gold deposit,Xinjiang

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Journal of Rare Earths 2002年第4期20卷 308-312页

作者：袁峰周涛发岳书仓 Dept. of Resources and Environ. Sci. Hefei Univ. of Technol. Hefei 230009 China

The characteristics and the models of rare earth elements in the geological bodies and the hydrothermal water balanced with the adamellite were comprehensively studied in Aktishikan gold deposit,Nurt area of Altay,Xinjiang.And the behavior of rare earth elements during metasomatic alteration was discussed by using the isocon method of Grant.The results show that the rare earth elements are inert during metasomatic alteration,the hydrothermal water has no relation to the magmatic water,and the gold material sources mainly stem from the wall rock.

关键词： rare earths geochemistry isocon diagram gold deposit Aktishikan

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Rb-Sr Dating of Pyrite and Quartz Fluid Inclusions and Origin of Ore-forming Materials of the Jinshan gold deposit, Northeast Jiangxi Province, South China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2013年第6期87卷 1658-1667页

作者： MAO Guangzhou HUA Renmin LONG Guangming LU Huijuan Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of depositional Mineralization & Sedimentary Minerals College of Geological Sciences & Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory of Mineral deposit Research School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Nanjing University

The Jinshan gold deposit is located in the Northeast Jiangxi province,South China,which related to the ductile shear zone.It contains two ore types,i.***.the alteration-type ore and the goldbearing quartz vein ore.Rb-Sr age dating is applied to both gold-bearing pyrite in the alteration-type ore and fluid inclusion in the gold-bearing quartz vein to make clear the time of the gold mineralization of the Jinshan deposit.Analytical results of this study yielded that the age of the alteration-type ore bodies is about 838±110Ma,with an initial 87Sr/86Sr value of 0.7045±0.0020.However,the age of the gold-bearing quartz vein-type ore is about 379±49Ma,and the initial 87Sr/86Sr is 0.7138±0.0011.Based on the age data from this work and many previous studies,the authors consider that the Jinshan gold deposit is a product of multi-staged mineralization,which may include the Jinninian,Caledonian,Hercynian,and Yanshanian Periods.Among them,the Jinninian Period and the Hercynian Period might be the two most important ore-forming periods for Jinshan deposit.The Jinninian Period is the main stage for the formation of alteration-type ore bodies,while the Hercynian Period is the major time for ore bodies of gold-bearing quartz vein type.The initial values of the 87Sr/86Sr from this study,as well as the previous isotope and trace element studies,indicate that the ore-forming materials mainly derived from the metamorphic wall rocks,and the ore-forming fluids mainly originated from the deep metamorphic water.

关键词： gold deposit mineralization time quartz fluid inclusion pyrite Rb-Sr dating Origin of the ore-forming materials Jinshan Jiangxi province

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The Muruntau gold deposit(Uzbekistan)--A unique ancient hydrothermal system in the southern Tien Shan

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Geoscience Frontiers 2016年第3期7卷 495-528页

作者： Ulf Kempe Torsten Graupner Reimar Seltmann Hugo de Boorder Alla Dolgopolova Maarten Zeylmans van Emmichoven Institut fur Mineralogie TU Bergakademie Freiberg Brennhausgasse 14 09596 Freiberg Germany Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) Stilleweg 2 30655 Hannover Germany Centre for Russian and Central EurAsian Mineral Studies (CERCAMS) Department of Earth Sciences Natural History Museum Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University Heidelberglaan 2 3584 CS Utrecht The Netherlands

The Muruntau gold deposit in the Central Kyzylkum,Uzbekistan is one of the largest single gold deposits worldwide.Data available from the literature are reviewed with the aim to（1） integrate the present knowledge on this unique deposit from Russian and English literature;（2） show the considerable progress made in the understanding of the genesis of the Muruntau deposit during the last decades;and（3） point to problems still open for future research.deposit formation occurred through a multi-stage process involving sedimentation,regional metamorphism including thrusting,magmatism with formation of hornfels aureoles and several stages of hydrothermal activity.According to recent knowledge,synsedimentary or pure metamorphic formation of gold mineralization seems unlikely.The role of granite magmatism occurring roughly within the same time interval as the main hydrothermal gold precipitation remains uncertain.There are no signs of interaction of matter between the magma（s） and the hydrothermal system（s）.On the other hand,there was an intense,high-temperature（above 400 ℃）fluid- wall rock interaction resulting in the formation of gold-bearing,cone-like stockworks with veins,veinlets and gold-bearing metasomatites.Several chemical and isotope indicators hint at an involvement of lower-crustal or mantle-related sources as well as of surface waters in ore formation.deposit formation through brecciation involving explosion,hydrothermal or tectonic breccias might explain these data.Further investigations on breccia formation as well as on the exact timing of relevant sedimentary,metamorphic,magmatic and hydrothermal events are recommended.

关键词： Muruntau gold deposit Fluid inclusions Isotope data gold composition

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Geological and Geochemical Characteristics of the Zhulazhaga gold deposit in Inner Mongolia, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2005年第1期79卷 87-97页

作者： JIANGSihong NIEFengjun InstituteofMineralResources ChineseAcademyofGeologicalSciencesBeijing100037

Located in Alxa Zuoqi (Left Banner) of Inner Mongolia, China, the Zhulazhaga gold deposit is the first large- scale gold deposit that was found in the middle-upper Proterozoic strata along the north margin of the North China craton in recent years. It was discovered by the No. 1 Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration Party of Inner Mongolia as a result of prospecting a geochemical anomaly. By now, over 50 tonnes of gold has been defined, with an average Au grade of 4 g/ t. The ore bodies occur in the first lithological unit of the Mesoproterozoic Zhulazhagamaodao Formation (MZF), which is composed mainly of epimetamorphic sandstone and siltstone and partly of volcanic rocks. With high concentration of gold, the first lithological unit of the MZF became the source bed for the late-stage ore formation. Controlled by the interstratal fracture zones, the ore bodies mostly appear along the bedding with occurrence similar to that of the strata. The primitive ore types are predominantly the altered rock type with minor ore belonging to the quartz veins type. There are also some oxidized ore near the surface. The metallic minerals are composed mainly of pyrite, pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite with minor chalcopyrite, galena and limonite. Most gold minerals appear as native gold and electrum. Hydrothermal alterations associated with the ore formation are actinolitization, silicatization, sulfidation and carbonation. A total of 100 two-phase H 2 O-rich and 7 three-phase daughter crystal-bearing inclusions were measured in seven gold- bearing quartz samples from the Zhulazhaga gold deposit. The homogenization temperatures of the two-phase H 2 O-rich inclusions range from 155 to 401°C, with an average temperature of 284°C and bimodal distributions from 240 to 260°C and 300 to 320°C respectively. The salinities of the two-phase H 2 O-rich inclusions vary from 9.22wt% to 24.30wt% NaCl equiv, with a mode between 23 wt% and 24wt% NaCl equiv. Comparatively, the homogenization temperatures of the three- phase daughter crystal-bearing

关键词： gold deposit fluid inclusion oxygen and hydrogen isotopes ore genesis Zhulazhaga Inner Mongolia

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