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Biomarker records of D5-6 columns in the eastern Antarctic Peninsula waters:responses of planktonic communities and bio-pump structures to sea ice global warming in the past centenary

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Advances in Polar Science 2021年第1期32卷 28-41页

作者： YANG Dan ZHANG Haisheng HAN Zhengbing HAN Xibin ZHANG Yicheng CHEN Wensheng LIU Qian PAN Jianming FAN Gaojing LE Fengfeng LU Bing HUANG Jing Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry Second Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesHangzhou 310012China Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences Second Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesHangzhou 310012China Zhuhai Central Station of Marine Environmental Monitoring State Oceanic AdministrationZhuhai 519015China Polar Research Institute of China Shanghai 200136China*

Molecular biomarkers(e.g.,isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers(iGDGTs)and proxies,such as di-unsaturated to tri-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoids(D/T)ratio,total organic carbon,δ^(13)C and ice-rafted debris(IRD))were used to reconstruct the dominant phytoplankton(diatoms,dinoflagellates and coccolithophores),phytoplankton and zooplankton productivity,biological pump structure,and archaea assemblage(Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota)from a marine sediment core(D5-6)dated with^(210)Pb(1922–2012).We characterized the environmental response to sea ice variations/global warming off the eastern Antarctic *** results showed that(1)the biomarkers brassicasterol(average=519.79 ng·g^(-1)),dinosterol(average=129.68 ng·g^(-1))and C37 alkenones(average=40.53 ng·g^(-1))reconstructed phytoplankton(average=690.00 ng·g^(-1))and zooplankton(cholesterol average=669.25 ng·g^(-1))*** relative contribution to productivity by different phytoplankton groups was diatoms>dinoflagellates>*** is consistent with field surveys showing that diatoms dominate the phytoplankton in waters adjacent to the Antarctic Peninsula.(2)The relative abundances of different highly branched isoprenoids reflected the contributions of sea ice algae and open water phytoplankton(D/T=1.2–30.15).Phytoplankton productivity and sea ice showed a good linear relationship with a negative correlation,indicating that more open water during periods of warming and reduced sea ice cover led to an enhanced biological pump.(3)Over the past 100 years,phytoplankton productivity and zooplankton biomass *** trend was particularly evident in the last 50 years,corresponding to increased global warming,and showed a negative correlation with IRD and D/*** suggests that with decreasing sea ice coverage in a warming climate,diatom biomass greatly ***/diatom values and the ratio of C37 alkenones to total phytoplankton productivity decreased,indicati

关键词： global warming phytoplankton productivity zooplankton productivity archaea iGDGTs sea ice proxy D/T eastern Antarctic Peninsula

Responding to global warming: Mitigation Policies and Actions of Stakeholders in China's Tourism Industry

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2019年第1期10卷 94-103页

作者： FENG Ling CHEN Da GAO Shan WANG Yongzhi TANG Chengcai School of Tourism Sciences Beijing International Studies UniversityBeijing 100024China Department of Urban Studies and Planning University of SheffieldSheffield S10 2TNUK School of English Education Beijing International Studies UniversityBeijing 100024China

China’s tourism industry has witnessed rapid progress in recent years, and is now an important part of global tourism in dealing with climate change. Within a framework of Pressure-State-Response(PSR), this paper focuses on the emission reduction pressure, carbon emission status, and responses of stakeholders in China’s tourism industry. Findings include: 1) The central government’s strategy and rapid growth of the industry scale exert rising pressure on China’s tourism to reduce carbon emissions. 2) Carbon emissions of China’s tourism account for 13%–14.6% of global tourism, and about 3% of China’s emissions overall. Chinese tourists’ per capita carbon emission is lower than half of the global level. 3) The Chinese government attaches great importance to energy-saving and carbon emission reduction. In the tourism industry, documents, standards and other regulative measures have been issued to ensure that business practitioners set up green operational and managerial systems. In the field of tourism transportation, China’s high-speed rail, new energy vehicles, and urban shared bicycles, have developed very rapidly in recent years, and they have effectively reduced the carbon emissions in traveling. Furthermore, this paper finds that Chinese tourists already have awareness and willingness for low-carbon tourism.

关键词： global warming mitigation policies stakeholders’ actions China’s tourism

Flooding 1990s along the Yangtze River, has it concern of global warming?

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2001年第1期11卷 43-52页

作者： GONG Dao-yi1, ZHU Jin-hong2, WANG Shao-wu2 (1. Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Institute of Resources Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China 2. Department of Geophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster Institute of Resources Science Beijing Normal University Beijing China Department of Geophysics Peking University Beijing China

There were a series of severe floods along the middle to lower reaches of the Yangtze River (Changjiang River) in China during the 1990s. The extensive summer (June, July and August) precipitation is mostly responsible for the flooding. The summer rainfall in the 1980s and the 1990s is much higher than that in the previous 3 decades. The means for 1990–1999 is +87.62 mm above normal, marked the 1990s the wettest decade since the 1950s. Six stations with a time span of 1880–1999 are selected to establish century-long rainfall series. This series also shows that the 1990s is the wettest decade during the last 120 years. In the wettest 12 years, four occurred in the 1990s (1991, 1996, 1998 and 1999). Both global and China’s temperature show there is a relative lower air temperature during the 1960–1970s, and a rapid warming in the 1980–1990s. Comparisons of rainfall between 1960–1979 and 1980–1999 show there are dramatic changes. In the cold period 1960–1979, the summer rainfall along the Yangtze River is 3.8 % to 4.7 % below the normal, during the warm period 1980–1999, over 8.4 % to 18.2 % of summer rainfall occurs. Over the whole eastern China, the summer rainfall shows opposite spatial patterns from the 1960–1970s to 1980–1990s. The consistent trend toward more rainfall with global warming is also presented by the greenhouse scenario modeling. A millennial Drought/flood Index for the middle to lower reaches of the Yangtze River showed that although the surplus summer rainfall in the 1990s is the severest during the past 150 years, it is not outstanding in the context of past millennium. Power spectra of the Drought/flood Index show significant interdecadal periods at 33.3 and 11.8 years. Thus, both the natural interdecadal variations and the global warming may play important roles in the frequent floods witnessed during the last two decades.

关键词： summer rainfall Yangtze River global warming interdecadal variation

Debates on the Causes of global warming

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2012年第1期3卷 38-44页

作者： HUANG Jian-Bin WANG Shao-Wu LUO Yong ZHAO Zong-Ci WEN Xin-Yu Center for Earth System Science Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences School of Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China

The controversy between the IPCC and Non-governmental IPCC(NIPCC) on the attribution of global warming are *** holds that today's global warming is mainly due to anthropogenic activities rather than natural variability,which is emphasized by *** surface temperature observations since the mid-20th century support the hypothesis of anthropogenic impact,but for the last one hundred years or so,natural forcings such as solar activity, volcanic eruptions and thermohaline circulation variations also have had great influences on the Earth's climate,especially on inter-decadal *** addition,evidence suggests that the Medieval Warm Period(MWP) and Little Ice Age (LIA) are closely associated with the solar activity over the past 1 thousand *** the past 10 thousand years, the North Atlantic cold events and solar activity are closely ***,the physical mechanisms of the solar-climate variability and interrelation are not well understood,***,a prevailing view recently indicates that galactic cosmic rays may result in climatic cooling through modulating global low cloud ***,its process and mechanism need to be further investigated.

关键词： global warming causes greenhouse effect solar activity galactic cosmic rays

Zonal Mean Mode of global warming over the Past 50 Years

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2010年第1期3卷 45-50页

作者： DAI Xin-Gang WANG Ping Key Laboratory of Regional Climate andEnvironmentfor Temperate East Asia Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081 China

Zonal mean annual temperature trends were estimated using four reanalysis and three analysis grid datasets. The trends over land and for the entire globe were estimated from 1958-2001 and 1979-2007, respectively. Estimates of temperature trends over land from Climate Research Unit （CRU） analysis data indicate more intense wanning moving northward, at a rate of about 3.5℃ per century at 65°N, then declining further to the north. CRU estimates indicated dramatic warming over the latitudes of the Antarctic Peninsula, with a localized cooling trend at 45°S. A global estimate was conducted by comparing estimates of the reanalysis datasets. Temperature distribution trends of the reanalysis data were similar to those generated by land observations but with large bias in the Polar Regions. The bias could be reduced by comparing these estimates with those from the analysis data at high latitudes. Extreme warming trends were esti- mated at rates of 2.9℃-3.5℃ per century in the Arctic and 3.2℃-4.7℃ per century in the Antarctic for 1958-2001. Surface warming was even more intense in the Northern Hemisphere for 1979-2007, with extreme arctic warming rates ranging from 8.5℃-8.9℃ per century, as estimated by the analysis and reanalysis datasets. Trends over Antarctica for this period were contradictory, as Japan Meteorological Agency （JMA） reanalysis （JRA-25） indicated a cooling trend at about -7℃ per century, while other reanalysis datasets showed sharp warming over the continent.

关键词： global warming zonal mean mode reanalysis analysis data bias

Occurrences of Wintertime Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific under the Background of global warming

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2009年第6期2卷 333-338页

作者： HE Jie-Lin GUAN Zhao-Yong QIAN Dai-Li WAN Qi-Lin WANG Li-Juan Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education Nanjing University of Information Science ＆Technology Nanjing 210044 China Yulin City Meteorological Bureau of Guangxi Yulin 537000 China Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Oceanic Meteorology CMA Guangzhou 510080 China

Using tropical cyclone （TC） observations over a 58-yr period （1949-2006） from the China Meteorological Administration, the 40-year ECMWF Reanalysis （ERA-40）, NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, and the Hadley Centre sea ice and sea surface temperature （HadISST） datasets, the authors have examined the behaviors of tropical cyclones （TCs） in the western north Pacific （WNP） in boreal winter （November-December-January-February）. The results demonstrate that the occurrences of wintertime TCs, including super typhoons, have decreased over the 58 years. More TCs are found to move westward than northeastward, and the annual total number of parabolic-track-type TCs is found to be decreasing. It is shown that negative sea surface temperature anomalies （SSTAs） related to La Nifia events in the equatorial central Pacific facilitate more TC genesis in the WNP region. Large-scale anomalous cyclonic circulations in the tropical WNP in the lower troposphere are observed to be favorable for cyclogenesis in this area. On the contrary, the positive SSTAs and anomalous anticyclonic circulations that related to E1 Nifio events responsible for fewer TC genesis. Under the background of global warming, the western Pacific subtropical high tends to intensify and to expand more westward in the WNP, and the SSTAs display an increasing trend in the equatorial eastern-central Pacific. These climate trends of both atmospheric circulation and SSTAs affect wintertime TCs, inducing fewer TC occurrences and causing more TCs to move westward.

关键词： tropical cyclone frequency track boreal winter global warming

global warming, Elites and Energy in Latin America： The Chilean Case

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering 2011年第12期5卷 1702-1712页

作者： C. Parker Institute for Advanced Studies University of Santiago de Chile Santiago de Chile 7500618 Chile

Adaptation and mitigation measures and changes in production and consumption patterns are necessary to face the risks of the impacts of global warming. They imply large investments the costs of which companies and governments, in charge of elites are not always willing to endure. Changes in elites have a direct impact on public policy and environmental governance of societies. Are the new elites willing to change traditional patterns of energy consumption if the change could threaten investment and economic growth3 Based on empirical research this paper analyzes the role of elites in a developing Latin American country （the Chilean case） in decisions adopted about the explanations of climate change and specially on the set of measures for adaptation and/or mitigation, focusing on the energy sector of the economy, one of the key sectors directly implied with the possibilities of reducing greenhouse gases emissions.

关键词： global warming elites energy climate change sustainable development environmental governance.

CO_2 seasonal variation and global change: Test global warming from another point of view

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2017年第1期9卷 46-53页

作者： XiuMing Liu JiaSheng Chen School of Geographical Sciences Fujian Normal University Department of Environment and Geography Macquarie University

CO2 and temperature records at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, and other observation stations show that the correlation between CO2 and temperature is not significant. These stations are located away from big cities, and in various latitudes and hemi-spheres. But the correlation is significant in global mean data. Over the last five decades, CO2 has grown at an accelerating rate with no corresponding rise in temperature in the stations. This discrepancy indicates that CO2 probably is not the driving force of temperature change globally but only locally （mainly in big cities）. We suggest that the Earth＇s atmospheric concentration of CO2 is too low to drive global temperature change. Our empirical perception of the global warming record is due to the urban heat island effect： temperature rises in areas with rising population density and rising industrial activity. This effect mainly occurs in the areas with high population and intense human activities, and is not representative of global warming. Regions far from cities, such as the Mauna Loa highland, show no evident warming trend. The global monthly mean temperature calculated by record data, widely used by academic researchers, shows R2=0.765, a high degree of correlation with CO2 . However, the R2 shows much less significance （mean R2=0.024） if calculated by each record for 188 selected stations over the world. This test suggests that the inflated high correlation between CO2 and temperature （mean R2=0.765-0.024=0.741） used in reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC） was very likely produced during data correction and processing. This untrue global monthly mean temperature has created a picture： human emission drives global warming.

关键词： CO2 Mauna Loa Hawaii seasonal variations greenhouse effect global warming

Impact of global warming on Water Resource in Arid Area of Northwest China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2005年第4期2卷 313-318页

作者： LU Aigang DING Yongjian PANG Hongxi YUAN Lingling HE Yuanqing Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 Gansu China The Institute of Tibet Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

As the unprecedented global warming is under way, the glacier retreat is getting more and more serious. In the inland arid area of Northwest China, due to very scarce precipitation, where there is water, there are oases. And the glacier melt water amounts to 22 % of the total direct supply of the inland river water and is of crucial importance to the survival and development of the oases. In this paper, using both the observed data and the previous research achievements of the glaciers in the inland valley of Northwest China where the oasis depending on the glacier is the only location suitable for human living, the authors describe the glacier retreat trend over the past half century, focusing on discussing the possible impact of the glacier retreat on the melt water runoff that is almost the only water resource efficient to nourish the oases. The authors find that even with increasing amount of water from the glacier with global warming, the water shortage is getting more and more serious and the environment is under a degrading way due to the accelerating economical development. The water shortage is bound to be more serious if the glacier retreat keeps on, especially after the glacier melt water is over its top for the degradedglacier scale. So suggestions are stressed in the end that a new water-saving pattern should be adopted in the area for a sustainable development due to the warming-up induced continuous glacier retreat.

关键词： global warming glacier retreat arid area water shortage sustainable development