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Thermodynamic Performance and Flammability Studies of Hydrocarbon Based Low global warming potential Refrigerant Mixtures

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Journal of Thermal Science 2022年第5期31卷 1487-1502页

作者： Nagarjuna KUMMA S S Harish KRUTHIVENTI Department of Mechanical Engineering Low Temperature LaboratoryNational Institute of TechnologyTiruchirappalliTrichy620015India

This paper presents a theoretical method to calculate the minimum inerting concentration(MIC)of binary and ternary blends(refrigerants)that are used in small refrigeration *** is the concentration of the dilutant which makes the flammable mixture into just non-flammable(at non-zero quenching potential).In this study,the refrigerant safety parameters such as flammability,global warming potential(GWP)and performance(COP)are analyzed for twelve binary and thirteen ternary blends containing one flammable and two nonflammable(dilutant)*** investigation was carried out with the hydrocarbon refrigerants R290,R600,R600a each mixed with dilutants R227ea,R125,R245fa,R13I1 and R134a at different concentrations *** methods,thermal balance method(TBM)and modified thermal balanced method(MTBM),are used to estimate the MIC(which decides the flammable zone).Thirteen ternary blends were identified based on the MIC values estimated using *** the case of ternary blends,it was observed that the non-flammable zone is high for the compositions of the Mixture G,Mixture H and Mixture *** was also estimated that the COPs of the proposed mixtures M22,M24,M25 and M27 are 4%greater than the COP of R134a(for the same operating conditions).Further,it was also understood that the corresponding GWP value is reduced by 90%to 97%for the mixtures(M21,M22,M24,M25 and M27)when compared to R134a(GWP=1300).Therefore,out of the thirteen proposed ternary mixtures(M15 to M27),the mixtures(M21,M22,M24,M25 and M27)are safe in terms of flammability,GWP and possess reasonable COP which can be a potential alternative refrigerant mixture to R134a in small refrigeration systems.

关键词： hydrocarbons minimum inerting concentration ternary global warming potential

Material flow analysis and global warming potential assessment of an industrial insect-based bioconversion plant using housefly larvae

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第5期139卷 483-495页

作者： Tao Lu Fan Lü Nanlin Liao Honghui Chai Hua Zhang Pinjing He Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Source Reuse Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Zhejiang Qihe Ecological Technology Co. Ltd.Hangzhou 310052China

The significant increase in the demand for biomass waste treatment after garbage classification has led to housefly larvae treatment becoming an attractive treatment *** can provide a source of protein while treating biomass waste,which means that nutrients can be returned to the natural food ***,the performance of this technology in terms of its environmental impacts is still unclear,particularly with regards to global warming potential(GWP).This study used a life cycle assessment(LCA)approach to assess a housefly larvae treatment plant with a treatment capacity of 50 tons of biomass waste per *** LCA results showed that the 95% confidence intervals for the GWP in summer and winter were determined to be 24.46-32.81 kg CO_(2) equivalent(CO_(2)-eq)/ton biomass waste and5.37-10.08 kg CO_(2)-eq/ton biomass waste,*** greater GWP value in summer is due to the longer ventilation time and higher ventilation intensity in summer,which consumes more *** main GWP contributions are from(1)electricity needs(accounting for 78.6% of emissions in summer and 70.2%in winter)and(2)product substitution by mature housefly larvae and compost(both summer and winter accounting for 96.8% of carbon reduction).

关键词： Biomass waste Musca domestica Housefly larvae Life cycle assessment global warming potential

Etching characteristics of thin SiON films using a liquefied perfluorocarbon precursor of C_6F_(12)O with a low global warming potential

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Plasma Science and Technology 2020年第10期22卷 135-144页

作者： Junmyung LEE Yunho NAM Jongchan LEE Hyun Woo LEE Kwang-Ho KWON Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering Korea UniversitySejong 30019Republic of Korea Department of Aeronautic Computer Engineering Hanseo UniversitySeosan 31962Republic of Korea

Perfluorocarbon gas is widely used in the semiconductor ***,perfluorocarbon has a negative effect on the global environment owing to its high global warming potential(GWP) *** alternative solution is ***,we evaluated the possibility of replacing conventional perfluorocarbon etching gases such as CHF_3 with C_6F_(12)O,which has a low GWP and is in a liquid state at room *** this study,silicon oxynitride(SiON) films were plasma-etched using inductively coupled CF4+C_6F_(12)O+O_2 mixed ***,the etching characteristics of the film,such as etching rate,etching profile,selectivity over Si,and photoresist,were investigated.A double Langmuir probe was used and optical emission spectroscopy was performed for plasma *** addition,a contact angle goniometer and x-ray photoelectron spectroscope were used to confirm the change in the surface properties of the etched SiON film ***,the etching characteristics of the C_6F_(12)O mixed plasma exhibited a lower etching rate,higher SiON/Si selectivity,lower plasma damage,and more vertical etched profiles than the conventional CHF_3 mixed *** addition,the C_6F_(12)O gas can be recovered in the liquid state,thereby decreasing global *** results confirmed that the C_6F_(12)O precursor can sufficiently replace the conventional etching gas.

关键词： global warming potential perfluorocarbon silicon oxynitride etching characteristics liquid-state perfluorocarbon

Biochar amendments increase soil organic carbon storage and decrease global warming potentials of soil CH4 and N2O under N addition in a subtropical Moso bamboo plantation

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Forest Ecosystems 2022年第4期9卷 567-576页

作者： Quan Li Kunkai Cui Jianhua Lv Junbo Zhang Changhui Peng Yongfu Li Zhikang Gu Xinzhang Song State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture Zhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhou311300PR China Institute of Environment Sciences Department of Biology SciencesUniversity of Quebec at MontrealCase Postale 8888Succursale Centre-VilleMontrealH3C3P8Canada Huzhou Research Center of Ecological Forestry and Protection Huzhou313000PR China

Background: Nitrogen(N) deposition affects soil greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions, while biochar application reduces GHG emissions in agricultural soils. However, it remains unclear whether biochar amendment can alleviate the promoting effects of N input on GHG emissions in forest soils. Here, we quantify the separate and combined effects of biochar amendment(0, 20, and 40 t·ha) and N addition(0, 30, 60, and 90 kg N·ha·yr) on soil GHG fluxes in a long-term field experiment at a Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis) ***: Low and moderate N inputs(≤60 kg N·ha·yr) significantly increase mean annual soil carbon dioxide(CO) and nitrous oxide(NO) emissions by 17.0%–25.4% and 29.8%–31.2%, respectively, while decreasing methane(CH) uptake by 12.4%–15.9%, leading to increases in the global warming potential(GWP) of soil CHand NO fluxes by 32.4%–44.0%. Moreover, N addition reduces soil organic carbon(C;SOC) storage by 0.2%–6.5%. Compared to the control treatment, biochar amendment increases mean annual soil CO2emissions, CHuptake, and SOC storage by 18.4%–25.4%, 7.6%–15.8%, and 7.1%–13.4%, respectively, while decreasing NO emissions by 17.6%–19.2%, leading to a GWP decrease of 18.4%–21.4%. Biochar amendments significantly enhance the promoting effects of N addition on soil COemissions, while substantially offsetting the promotion of N2O emissions, inhibition of CHuptake, and decreased SOC storage, resulting in a GWP decrease of 9.1%–30.3%.Additionally, soil COand CHfluxes are significantly and positively correlated with soil microbial biomass C(MBC) and pH. Meanwhile, NO emissions have a significant and positive correlation with soil MBC and a negative correlation with ***: Biochar amendment can increase SOC storage and offset the enhanced GWP mediated by elevated N deposition and is, thus, a potential strategy for increasing soil C sinks and decreasing GWPs of soil CHand NO under increasing atmospheric N deposition in Moso bamboo plantations.

关键词： Biochar application Nitrogen addition Greenhouse gas global warming potential Plantation

Changes in albedo and its radiative forcing of grasslands in East Asia drylands

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Ecological Processes 2024年第1期13卷 237-251页

作者： Qingsong Zhu Jiquan Chen Liangxu Wu Yuting Huang Changliang Shao Gang Dong Zhe Xu Xianglan Li State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science College of Global Change and Earth System Science Faculty of Geographical ScienceBeijing Normal University Department of Geography Environment and Spatial Sciences Michigan State University State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences School of Life Science Shanxi University

Background Grasslands in drylands are increasingly influenced by human activities and climate change, leading to alterations in albedo and radiative energy balance among others. Surface biophysical properties and their interactions change greatly following disturbances. However, our understanding of these processes and their climatic impacts remains limited. In this study, we used multi-year observations from satellites and eddy-covariance towers to investigate the response of albedo to variables closely associated with human disturbances, including vegetation greenness（EVI） and surface soil volumetric water content（VWC）, as well as snow cover and clearness index（Ta） for their potential *** EVI and VWC during the growing season were the primary factors influencing albedo. EVI and VWC were negatively correlated with albedo, with VWC's total direct and indirect impacts being slightly smaller than those of EVI. During the non-growing season, snow cover was the most influential factor on albedo. VWC and Ta negatively affected albedo throughout the year. We estimated the impact of variations in EVI and VWC on climate to be in the range of 0.004 to 0.113 kg CO2m-2yr-1in *** This study indicates the significant impacts of climate change and human disturbances on vulnerable grassland ecosystems from the perspective of altered albedo. Changes in vegetation greenness and soil properties induced by climate change and human activities may have a substantial impact on albedo, which in turn feedback on climate change, indicating that future climate policies should take this factor into consideration.

关键词： Albedo global warming potential Grassland Disturbance

Water regime-nitrogen fertilizer incorporation interaction：Field study on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice agroecosystem in Harbin, China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第2期30卷 289-297页

作者： Wenjun Dong Jia Guo Lijun Xu Zhifeng Song Jun Zhang Ao Tang Xijuan Zhang Chunxu Leng Youhong Liu Lianmin Wang Lizhi Wang Yang Yu Zhongliang Yang Yilei Yu Ying Meng Yongcai Lai Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme Harbin 150086 China Cultivation and Farming Research Institute Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin 150086 China Northern Japonica Rice Molecular Breeding Joint Research Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Harbin 250086 China Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in Northeast China Ministry of Agriculture Harbin 150086 China Institute of Wetland Research Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing 100091 China Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration Beijing 100091 China Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 China Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences ChangchunJilin 130124 China Institute of Crop Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 China Rice Institute of Wuchang Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Wuchang 150229 China

Water regime and nitrogen（N） fertilizer are two important factors impacting greenhouse gases（GHG） emission from paddy field, whereas their effects have not been well studied in cold region. In this study, we conducted a two-year field experiment to study the impacts of water regime and N fertilizer on rice yields and GHG emissions in Harbin, China, a cold region located in high latitudes. Our results showed that intermittent irrigation significantly decreased methane（CH4） emission compared with continuous flooding, however,the decrement was far lower than the global average level. The N2O emissions were very small when flooded but peaked at the beginning of the disappearance of floodwater. The N fertilizer treatments increased CH4 emissions at low level（75 kg N/ha）. But both CH4 and N2O emissions were uninfluenced at the levels of 150 kg N/ha and 225 kg N/ha. Rice yields increased under intermittent irrigation and were highest at the level of 150 kg N/ha. From our results, we recommended that the intermittent irrigation and 150 kg N/ha as the ideal water regime-nitrogen fertilizer incorporation for this area to achieve low GHG emissions without impacting rice yields.

关键词： Methane(CH4) Nitrous oxide(N2O) Rice ecosystem Cold region global warming potential

Alternate Wetting and Drying of Rice Reduced CH4 Emissions but Triggered N2O Peaks in a Clayey Soil of Central Italy

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Pedosphere 2016年第4期26卷 533-548页

作者： Alessandra LAGOMARSINO Alessandro Elio AGNELLI Bruce LINQUIST Maria Arlene ADVIENTO-BORBE Alberto AGNELLI Giacomo GAVINA Stefano RAVAGLIA Rossana Monica FERRARA Consiglio per la Ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'Economia Agraria centro di ricerca per l'Agro Biologia e la Pedologia 50121 Firenze Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Ambientali Universita di Perugia 06123 Perugia Societa Italiana Sementi S. Lazzaro di Savena 40068 Bologna Consiglio per la Ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'Economia Agraria Research Unit for Cropping Systems in Dry Environments70125 Bari

Reducing CH4 and N20 emissions from rice cropping systems while sustaining production levels with less water requires a better understanding of the key processes involved. Alternate wetting and drying （AWD） irrigation is one promising practice that has been shown to reduce CH4 emissions. However, little is known about the impact of this practice on N20 emissions, in particular under Mediterranean climate. To close this knowledge gap, we assessed how AWD influenced grain yield, fluxes and annual budgets of CH4 and N20 emissions, and global warming potential （GWP） in Italian rice systems over a 2-year period. Overall, a larger GWP was observed under AWD, as a result of high N20 emissions which offset reductions in CH4 emissions. In the first year, with 70% water reduction, the yields were reduced by 33%, CH4 emissions decreased by 97%, while N20 emissions increased by more than 5-fold under AWD as compared to PF; in the second year, with a 40% water saving, the reductions of rice yields and CH4 emissions （13% and 11%, respectively） were not significant, but N20 fluxes more than doubled. The transition from anaerobic to aerobic soil conditions resulted in the highest N20 fluxes under AWD. The duration of flooding, transition to aerobic conditions, water level above the soil surface, and the relative timing between fertilization and flooding were the main drivers affecting greenhouse gas mitigation potential under AWD and should be carefully planned through site-specific management options.

关键词： aerobic soil conditions fertilization global warming potential greenhouse gas mitigation potential water saving

Effects of Chinese Milk Vetch （Astragalus sinicus L.） Residue Incorporation on CH4 and N2O Emission from a Double-Rice Paddy Soil

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2012年第9期11卷 1537-1544页

作者： ZHU Bo1,YI Li-xia1, HU Yue-gao1, ZENG Zhao-hai1, TANG Hai-ming2, YANG Guang-li2 and XIAO Xiao-ping2 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R.China 2 Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Changsha 410125, P.R.China [a] College of Agronomy and Biotechnology China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P.R. China [b] Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute Changsha 410125 P.R. China

Methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions from paddy soils have seldom been estimated when leguminous green manure is applied as a nitrogen source. In this paper, gas fluxes were measured by using a pot sampling device combined with a static chamber method to estimate the effects of Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L., CMV) on CH 4 and N 2 O emissions and their integrated global warming potentials (GWP) in a double-rice cropping system. Four treatments (no nitrogen fertilizer, NF; urea as chemical fertilizer, CF; CMV incorporation, MV; 50% CMV incorporation and 50% urea, MVCF) were established. CH 4 flux peaked on the 15th d after treatment application. Total season CH 4 emission was increased by MV and MVCF by 370 and 209%, 152 and 66%, when compared with NF and CF, respectively. Most of the increased CH 4 was emitted in the first two months after incorporation of CMV. N 2 O emission from CF was 17- and 5.6-fold higher than that from MV and MVCF, respectively. Application of CMV restricted N 2 O emission caused by the application of urea. Improved CMV residue management was needed to minify CH 4 emission induced by the input of organic material. Despite the highest GWP being found in MV, we recommend CMV, when applied as an N source in paddy fields, as a potential mitigation tool for greenhouse gas emissions.

关键词： Chinese milk vetch double-rice global warming potential methane nitrous oxide

Greenhouse gas emissions from thermal treatment o non-recyclable municipal waste

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2018年第4期12卷 815-831页

作者： Tomas Ferdan Martin Pavlas Vlastimlr Nevrly Radovan Sompllak Petr Stehllk Institute of Process Engineering Faculty of Mechanical EngineeringBmo University of Technology61669 BmoCzech Republic Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory-SPIL NETME CentreFaculty of Mechanical Engineering Bmo University of Technology61669 BmoCzech Republic

This paper analyses factors affecting the production of greenhouse gases from the treatment of residual municipal waste. The analysis is conducted so that the environmentally-friendly decision-making criteria may be later implemented into an optimisation task, which allocates waste treatment capacities. A simplified method of life cycle assessment is applied to describe environmental impact of the allocation. global warming potential (GWP) is employed as a unit to quantify greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. The objective is to identify the environmental burdens and credits measured by GWP for the three fundamental methods for treatment of residual waste unsuitable for material recovery. The three methods are waste-to-energy (WTE), landfilling and mechanicalbiological treatment (MBT) with subsequent utilization of refuse-derived fuel. The composition of the waste itself and content of fossil-derived carbon and biogenic carbon are important parameters to identify amounts of GHG. In case of WTE, subsequent use of the energy, e.g., in district heating systems in case of heat, is another important parameter to be considered. GWP function dependant on WTE capacity is introduced. The conclusion of this paper provides an assessment of the potential benefits of the results in optimisation tasks for the planning of overall strategy in waste management.

关键词： waste management greenhouse gases global warming potential allocation planning waste-to-energy