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Contextual Fear Extinction and Re-Extinction in Carioca High-and Low-Conditioned Freezing Rats

World Journal of Neuroscience 2014年第3期4卷 247-252页

作者： Vitor de Castro Gomes Laura Andrea Leon Daniel Mograbi Fernando Cardenas Jesus Landeira-Fernandez Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro Rio de JaneiroBrasil Universidade de Sao Paulo Ribeirao PretoBrasil Institute of Psychiatry Kings CollegeLondonUK Universidad de los Andes BogotaColombia

We recently reported two novel breeding lines of rats known as Carioca High- and Low-conditioned Freezing (CHF and CLF), based on defensive freezing responses to contextual cues previously associated with electric footshock. The present study used animals of the 8th generation of our selective breeding program to investigate both contextual fear extinction and re-extinction. The results consistently showed that CHF animals froze more than CLF animals. Long extinction training was able to extinguish phenotypic differences between lines, but the divergence was restored after just one fear reacquisition training session. These differences disappeared again during re-extinction training. The possible neural mechanisms involved in these two types of learning are discussed.

关键词： genetic selection Freezing Response Fear Extinction

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"Natural" pathways to the development of novel vaccines for the aquaculture industry in China——an overview

"Natural" pathways to the development of novel vaccines for ...

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2005水产科技论坛

作者： James CHIN WU Kent Toni CHAPMAN Chris LAWLOR IMDRU NSW DPISydneyAustralia School of Veterinary Science University of QueenslandAustralia International Animal Health School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Australia

＜正＞Traditionally, fish vaccines have been developed by first isolating and then characterising the identity of the causal pathogenic organism. The disease causing agent （ DC A） is then propagated in culture and then killed by various treatments before formulation as a vaccine in the appropriate adjuvant. Such simple strategies, while practical and economical to produce, can experience high rates of failure in the natural environment because key components of various biological interactions have not been studied. Understanding these components will contribute significantly in reducing the risk of vaccine breakdowns. The "Natural" pathway advocated in this paper represents a systematic and strategic approach that takes into consideration the following key features: Genomic analysis of both pathogenic and commensal isolates found on fish and their environment from as many different geographical locations as possible Analysing the interplay in population dynamics between these micro-organisms Dissecting the proteome of pathogens Analysing the immune response of fish by collecting serum and immune cells from susceptible and resistant fish encountering both natural and artificial challenge, and to examine these responses against a background of different genetics and vaccine challenge genetic selection of disease resilient fish by immune response selection Optimising delivery of vaccines by continuous low dose pulsing via natural vectors

关键词： vaccines Vibrio bioremediation fish immunity genetic selection

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