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Effect of corrosive media on galvanic corrosion of complicated tri-metallic couples of 2024 Al alloy/Q235 mild steel/304 stainless steel

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2019年第9期35卷 1886-1893页

作者： Linjun Shi Xiuying Yang Yingwei Song Dan Liua Kaihui Dong Dayong Shan En-Hou Han Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology o f ChinaHefei 230026China Shenyang Institute of Technology Fushun 113122China

galvanic corrosion of tri-metallic couples is more complicated than that of bi-metallic couples. In this study, the effect of the pH of corrosive media on the galvanic corrosion of 2024 A1 alloy/Q235 mild steel/304 stainless steel tri-metallic couples was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization, scanning electron microscopy, scanning vibrating electrode technique and a multi-channel galvanic corrosion meter. The results show that 2024 always acts as the only anode in 3.5 wt% NaCl at pH 5.56,9.72 and 12.0, while both Q235 and 2024 act as anodes at pH 2.39 in the initial stage and then the role of Q235 changes at longer coupling time, which can be attributed to the effect of pH on the surface film of 2024. It is also found that the galvanic current density of a tri-metallic couple is the superposition of two bi-metallic couples when cathodic reactions are controlled by the diffusion of oxygen, otherwise it is smaller than that of the sum of two bi-metallic couples. The localized corrosion instead of uniform corrosion of anodic metal is accelerated by galvanic corrosion.

关键词： galvanic corrosion Tri-metallic couples Corrosive media Scanning vibrating electrode technique Zero resistance ammeter

Understanding the galvanic corrosion of the Q-phase/Al couple using SVET and SIET

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2019年第7期35卷 1444-1454页

作者： Alexander I.Ikeuba Bo Zhang Jianqiu Wang En-Hou Han Wei Ke Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) 19A Yuquan RoadShijingshan DistrictBeijing100049China Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of CalabarCalabarPMB 1115 Nigeria

The galvanic corrosion of the Q-phase/Al couple in 0.1 M NaCl solutions has been studied using the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET)f the scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The galvanic corrosion of the Q-phase/Al couple was found to be dependent on pH and immersion time. Current density maps obtained by SVET shows that the anodic oxidation processes emerge from Al in a localized manner in pH 2 and 6 solutions but is initiated in a uniform manner in pH 13 solution, whereas, the cathodic processes are more homogeneously distributed over the Q-phase at pH 2.6 and 13. It is seen that the Q-phase remains cathodic in the Q-phase/Al couple in acidic, neutral and alkaline solutions indicating that the galvanic polarity of the Q-phase is independent of pH. The effect of the galvanic corrosion was largest at pH 2 and 13 compared to pH 6. The pH map obtained by SIET indicates that the galvanic activity of the Q-phase/Al couple proceeds via heavy alkalization of the Q-phase surface with the generation of appreciable amounts of OH~ ions. The enrichment of Cu indicated by EDX is responsible for the observed cathodic activity of the Q-phase in the Q-phase/Al couple.

关键词： Q-phase galvanic corrosion Scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) Scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET) Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)

A study on vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials via galvanic vestibular stimulation in normal people

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Journal of Otology 2018年第1期13卷 16-19页

作者： Ying Cheng Yusuke Kimura Kimitaka Kaga National Institute of Sensory Organs Tokyo Medical Center Japan The Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi 'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi Province PR China

Objectives: The aim of our study is to examine vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials(VEMPs) elicited by the galvanic vestibular stimulation in the sternocleidomastoid muscle(SCM) in healthy subjects for clinical applications of auditory neuropathy or vestibular neuropathy in the ***: We enrolled sixteen healthy subjects to record the average responses of SCM to galvanic vestibular stimulation(GVS) [current 3 mA;duration 1 ms] by electromyography(EMG). SPSS 18.0 software was used to analyze the obtained data for mean and standard ***: In all healthy subjects mastoid-forehead galvanic vestibular stimulation produced a positive-negative biphasic EMG responses on SCM ipsilateral to the cathodal electrode. The latency of p13 was 11.7 ± 3.0 ms. The latency of n23 was 17.8 ± 3.4 ms. The amplitude of p13-n23 was147.0 ± 69.0 μV. The interaural asymmetry ratio(AR) of p13, n23 latency and the amplitude was respectively 0.12 ± 0.09, 0.08 ± 0.08 and0.16 ± ***: galvanic vestibular stimulation could elicit biphasic EMG responses from SCM via the vestibular nerve but not from the otolith organs. galvanic stimulation together with air conducted sound(ACS) or bone conducted vibration(BCV) can elicit VEMPs and may enable the differentiation of retrolabyrinthine lesions from labyrinthine lesions in vestibular system.

关键词： galvanic vestibular stimulation Vestibular nerve Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials Sternocleidomastoid muscle Interaural asymmetry ratio (AR)

galvanic INTERACTION OF CONTACTING SULFIDE PARTICLE AND ITS EFFECT ON FLOTATION

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中国有色金属学会会刊：英文版 1998年第4期8卷 130-134页

作者： Qin Wenqing, Qiu Guanzhou, Xu Jing and Hu Yuehua Department of Mineral Engineering, Central South University of Technology, Changsha 410083, P. R. China

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ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＳｕｌｆｉｄｅｏｒｅｓａｒｅｇｅｎｅｒａｌｙｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｅｄｂｙｆｌｏｔａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓ．Ｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｗｏｓｕｌｆｉｄｅｍｉｎｅｒａｌｓｃａｎａｆｅｃｔｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅ...

关键词： galena pyrite galvanic interaction

galvanic Interactions of 15CDV6/MDN138 & 15CDV6/MDN250 Alloys in Natural Seawater

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Journal of Marine Science and Application 2019年第2期18卷 239-245页

作者： P.Ramakrishna rao G.T.Parthiban G.Subramanian K.Muthuraman Defence Research Development Laboratory Hyderabad 500 058India CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Karaikudi 630 003India Corrosion Testing Centre CSIR-CECRI UnitMandapam Camp 623 519India

The galvanic corrosion behavior of the metal combinations 15CDV6/MDN138 and 15CDV6/MDN250,with 1:1 area ratio,has been studied in natural seawater using the open well facility of CECRI’s Offshore Platform at Tuticorin for a *** open circuit potentials of MDN138,MDN250,and 15CDV6 of the individual metal,the galvanic potential and galvanic current of the couples 15CDV6/MDN138 and 15CDV6/MDN250,were periodically monitored throughout the study *** calcareous deposits on MDN138 and MDN250 in galvanic contact with 15CDV6 were analyzed using *** electrochemical behavior of MDN138,MDN250,and 15CDV6 in seawater was studied using an electrochemical work *** surface characteristics of MDN138 and MDN250 in galvanic contact with 15CDV6 have been examined with a scanning electron *** results of the study reveal that the galvanic protection offered by 15CDV6 to MDN250 and MDN138 in natural seawater amounts to 93%and 98%,respectively,implying that the galvanic protection offered by 15CDV6 is continuous and effective,which has been further evinced from the adherent nature of the calcareous deposit film comprising compounds such as CaCO3(calcite,aragonite,and vaterite),MgCO3(magnesite),Mg(OH)2(brucite),and MgO(brucite).

关键词： MDN138 MDN250 15CDV6 galvanic corrosion Natural seawater

galvanic Interactions of HE15 / MDN138 & HE15 / MDN250 Alloys in Natural Seawater

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Journal of Marine Science and Application 2017年第2期16卷 237-242页

作者： G. T. Parthiban G. Subramanian K. Muthuraman P. Ramakrishna Rao CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Karaikudi-630003 India Offshore Platform & Marine Electrochemistry Centre CSIR-CECRI Unit Harbour Area Tuticorin-628004 India Defence Research Development Laboratory Hyderabad-500058 India

HE15 is a heat treatable high strength alloy with excellent machinability find wide applications in aerospace and defence industries. In view of their excellent mechanical properties, workability, machinability, heat treatment characteristics and good resistance to general and stress corrosion cracking, MDN138 & MDN250 have been widely used in petrochemical, nuclear and aerospace industries. The galvanic corrosion behaviour of the metal combinations HE15 / MDN138 and HE15 / MDN250, with 1:1 area ratio, has been studied in natural seawater using the open well facility of CECRI's Offshore Platform at Tuticorin for a year. The open circuit potentials of MDN138, MDN250 and HE15 of the individual metal, the galvanic potential and galvanic current of the couples HE15 / MDN138 and HE15 / MDN250 were periodically monitored throughout the study period. The calcareous deposits on MDN138 and MDN250 in galvanic contact with HE15 were analyzed using XRD. The electrochemical behaviors of MDN138, MDN250 and HE15 in seawater have been studied using an electrochemical work station. The surface characteristics of MDN138 and MDN250 in galvanic contact with HE15 have been examined with scanning electron microscope. The results of the study reveal that HE15 offered required amount of protection to MDN138 & MDN250.

关键词： alloy MDN138 MDN250 HE15 galvanic corrosion natural seawater

The Effect of Novel Low Energy Pulsed Light Combined with galvanic Energy for Home-Use Hair Removal of Dark Skin

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Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications 2015年第4期5卷 283-290页

作者： Michael H. Gold Hela Goren Tennessee Clinical Research Center Nashville USA Home Skinovation Ltd. Yokneam Israel

Background and Objectives: Permanent reduction of unwanted hair on skin types V and VI is the most challenging procedure among all hair removal technologies based on selective absorption of light or laser. The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a low energy pulsed-light device combined with galvanic energy, intended for home-use hair removal on dark skin. Materials and Methods: Fifteen women with skin types V and VI and dark terminal hair in axillaarea self-administrated 6 treatments at 2 week intervals, using a hand-held IPL combined with galvanicenergy device, using HPL (Home Pulsed Light) technology. Hair count and photographs were performed pre-treatment and 1 and 3 months after the last sixth treatment. Adverse events and subject satisfaction scores were recorded. Results: All patients showed a positive clinical response to treatment, with reduction of unwanted hair. Hair counts were significantly reduced by 57.3% 1 month following last treatment and by 44.5% 3 months following last treatment. No adverse events were recorded. Subject satisfaction scores of the device usability and the treatment outcome were high. Conclusions: Low energy pulsed light combined with galvanic energy may be applied safely and effectively for at-home hair removal for people with dark skin types V and VI.

关键词： Hair Removal Dark Skin Home-Use IPL galvanic Energy

On the galvanic Modification of Seawater

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World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 2019年第4期9卷 112-121页

作者： Alexander Shimkevich NRC Kurchatov Institute Moscow Russia

Chemical properties of seawater are studied at forced shifting of Fermi level εF? in the band gap of liquid water due to deviation of its composition H2O1−z ( |?z|−13 ) from the stoichiometric one ( z = 0 ). It is shown that the hypo-stoichiometric state ( z > 0 ) of seawater emerges when Fermi level is shifted to the local electron level ?εH3O of hydroxonium H3O+ in galvanic cell with the strongly polarized anode and the quasi-equilibrium cathode. Then, each εH3O is occupied by electron and hydroxonium radicals [H3O]? together with hydroxide anions [OH−]?form in seawater hydrated electrons [(H2O)2−] . The opposite hyper-stoichiometric state ( z εOH for removing electron from each hydroxide ion OH−and forming hydroxyl radicals [OH] as strong oxidizers. It turned out that the ions of sodium and chlorine are connected into hydrates of sodium hypochlorite NaClO in this case.

关键词： Non-Stoichiometric Seawater Band Gap Fermi Level galvanic Cell Electron Donor Sodium Hypochlorite

On Diffusive Confining a galvanic Crystallization out of Molten Salts

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Journal of Crystallization Process and Technology 2012年第4期2卷 146-151页

作者： Alexander L. Shimkevich Institute for Advanced Power Technologies National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute” Moscow Russia

The electron-energy band structure of electric Double Layer (DL) between a molten salt and metal electrode (an anode or cathode) is studied for the electrodepositing crystallization process when the width of DL metal part is less than the one in the molten salt. It is shown that just the molten-salt part of the double layer confines a rate of electrodepositing process. The reason of this is a neutralization of depositing ions into the molten-salt near the electrode and hence their diffusively confined motion in a density gradient field. It is important to minimize the electrodepositing potential for effective component crystallization out of the molten salt and its exchange process including selective extracting of salt components by their crystallization on electrodes of galvanic circuit. It is shown that this can be carried out by means of fine and controllable variation of reduction-oxidation (RedOx) potential of the non-stoichiometric salts. A possible application of a potentiometer for monitoring and managing the salt composition is considered. For this, one uses precise methods of electric-motion-force and coulometer titration by solid electrolyte(for example, M+–β ”–Al2O3) of the basic salt metal (M。) as a reduction agent in the molten-salt solution.

关键词： Molten Salt galvanic Crystallization Metal Electrode Electric Double Layer Diffusive Confine