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Friction 2021年第4期9卷 665-685页

作者： Kuniaki DOHDA Masahito YAMAMOTO Chengliang HU Laurent DUBAR Kornel F.EHMANN Department of Mechanical Engineering Northwestern UniversityEvanstonIL 60208-3111USA Manufacturing Engineering Center NSKLtd.Fujisawa-Shi 251-8501Japan Institute of Forming Technology and Equipment School of Materials and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China LAMIH UMR CNRS 8201 Universite Polytechnique Hauts-de-FranceValenciennes Cedex 959313France

galling phenomena in metal forming not only affect the quality of the engineered surfaces but also the success or failure of the manufacturing operation *** paper reviews the different galling conditions in sheet and bulk metal forming processes along with their evolution and the effects of temperature on galling.A group of anti-galling methods employed to prevent galling defects are also presented in *** techniques for quantitatively measuring galling are introduced,and the related prediction models,including friction,wear,and galling growth models,are presented to better understand the underlying *** phenomena in other processes similar to those occurring in metal forming are also examined to suggest different ways of further studying galling in metal ***,future research directions for the study of galling in metal forming are suggested.

关键词： galling metal forming friction wear adhesion anti-galling

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Experimental and modelling study of interaction between friction and galling under contact load change conditions

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Friction 2022年第3期10卷 454-472页

作者： Xiao YANG Yiran HU Lemeng ZHANG Yang ZHENG Denis J.POLITIS Xiaochuan LIU Li-liang WANG Department of Mechanical Engineering Imperial College LondonLondon SW72AZUK Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering University of CyprusNicosia 1678the Republic of Cyprus School of Mechanical Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China

The galling process remains one of the least understood phenomena in metal *** transfer of material from a work-piece onto the tool surface can cause an evolutionary increase in friction coefficient(COF)and thus the use of a constant COF in finite element(FE)simulations leads to progressively inaccurate *** an aluminium work-piece,material transfer,which has history and pressure dependency,is determined by a dynamic balance between the generation and ejection of wear particles acting as a‘third body’abrasive element at the contact *** address this dynamic interactive phenomenon,pin-on-disc tests between AA6082 and G3500 were performed under step load change *** COF evolutions,morphologies of the transfer layer and its cross-section were *** has been found that contact load change will disequilibrate and rebuild the dynamic balance and high load will increase the generation and ejection rate of third body and vice ***,based on the experimental results,an interactive model was developed and presented to simulate the dynamic formation process of the aluminium third body layer under load change conditions,enabling multi-cycle simulations to model the galling distribution and friction variation.

关键词： galling load change interactive friction model metal forming AA6082 aluminium alloy

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Influence of Fe Content on Tool galling in Ironing Aluminum Beverage Cans

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2014年第10期5卷 719-723页

作者： Aleksey Vladimirovich Andrianov Elena Gennadievna Kandalova Evgeniy Vladimirovich Aryshensky FRP Heat Treatment Department ZAO “Alcoa SMZ” Samara Russia Industrial Engineering Department Samara State Aerospace University Samara Russia Technological Development Department ZAO “Alcoa SMZ” Samara Russia

Insoluble constituents in 3104 alloy for beverage cans manufacturing play an important role in deep ironing process. This paper studies the effect of Fe content in the alloy on volume fraction of the constituents Al6(Fe, Mn)3 and Al12(Fe, Mn)3Si and its influence on ironing die pickup. It is shown that with Fe content increase, the amount of these constituents rises that helps prevent tool galling. Trials made at a can plant showed less ironing die changeovers at bodymakers. The optimum Fe content for aluminum can production can be considered between 0.47% and 0.53% that corresponds to 2.0% - 2.3% of insoluble constituent volume fraction. Greater amounts than this cause problems with excessive constituent particle formation and earing;smaller amounts result in increased ironing die galling.

关键词： 3104 Alloy Ironing Aluminum Tool galling Fe Content Insoluble Constituents

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Insect herbivory along environmental gradients

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Open Journal of Ecology 2012年第4期2卷 202-213页

作者： Nigel R. Andrew Isobel R. Roberts Sarah J. Hill Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology Zoology University of New England Armidale Australia

There is a general assumption in the literature that insect herbivory increases towards the tropics, but decreases with increasing altitude. Similar generalities have been identified along other environmental gradients, such as resource, temperature, climatic and biotic gradients. However there is growing evidence in the scientific literature that such generalities are not consistent. This could be due to a number of reasons including the lack of consistency in the way herbivory is assessed such as different methodologies used by researchers, or fundamental differences in leaf damage caused by different types of insect herbivores. Here we assess 61 publications researching insect herbivory along a range of environmental gradients (both biotic and abiotic) and review the methods that researchers have used to collected their data. We found leaf chewing from samples collected in North America dominated the field and most studies assessed herbivory on a single host plant species. Thirty three percent of the studies assessed latitudinal gradients, while 10% assessed altitudinal gradients. Insect herbivory was most commonly expressed as percentage leaf damage using point herbivory. Fewer studies measured a range of different types of herbivory (such as sap sucking, leaf mining, galling, and root feeding) as leaves aged. From our synthesis, we hope that future research into insect herbivory along environmental gradients will take into account herbivory other than just leaf chewing, such as sap sucking, which may cause more damage to plants. Future research should also assess herbivory as a rate, rather than just a single point in time as damage to a young leaf may be more costly to a plant than damage to a mature or senescing leaf. Measurements of plant traits will also assist in comparing herbivory across habitats, plant species, and within species physiological variation. The true impacts that insects have on plants via herbivory along environmental gradients are still p

关键词： Insect Herbivory Gradients Leaf Chewing Sap Sucking galling Root Feeding

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