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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2011年第4期2卷 578-588页

作者： M. L. Jat Raj Gupta Y. S. Saharawat Raj Khosla 不详

Stagnating yield and declining input use efficiency in irrigated wheat of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) coupled with diminishing availability of water for agriculture is a major concern of food security in South Asia. The objective of our study was to establish an understanding of how wheat yield and input use efficiency can be improved and how land leveling and crop establishment practices can be modified to be more efficient in water use through layering of precision-conservation crop management techniques. The “precision land leveling with raised bed” planting can be used to improve crop yield, water and nutrient use efficiency over the existing “traditional land leveling with flat” planting practices. We conducted a field experiment during 2002-2004 at Modipuram, India to quantify the benefits of alternate land leveling (precision land leveling) and crop establishment (furrow irrigated raised bed planting) techniques alone or in combination (layering precision-conservation) in terms of crop yield, water savings, and nutrient use efficiency of wheat production in IGP. The wheat yield was about 16.6% higher with nearly 50% less irrigation water with layering precision land leveling and raised bed planting compared to traditional practices (traditional land leveling with flat planting). The agronomic (AE) and uptake efficiency (UE) of N, P and K were significantly improved under precision land leveling with raised bed planting technique compared to other practices.

关键词： Precision Land Leveling furrow Irrigated Raised Bed Planting Input Use Efficiency Irrigated Bread Wheat Water Productivity Uptake Efficiency Agronomic Efficiency

An overview of the use of plastic-film mulching in China to increase crop yield and water-use efficiency

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National Science Review 2020年第10期7卷 1523-1526页

作者： Dongbao Sun Haigang Li Enli Wang Wenqing He Weiping Hao Changrong Yan Yuzhong Li Xurong Mei Yanqing Zhang Zhanxiang Sun Zhikuan Jia Huaiping Zhou Tinglu Fan Xucheng Zhang Qin Liu Fengju Wang Chaochun Zhang Jianbo Shen Qingsuo Wang Fusuo Zhang Centre for Resources Environment and Food Security China Agricultural University Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture of Ministry of Education Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences CSIRO Agriculture Flagship Inner Mongolia key laboratory of soil quality and nutrient resources Key laboratory of grassland resource (IMAU) Ministry of EducationCollege of Grassland Resources and EnvironmentInner Mongolia Agricultural University Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences College of Agronomy (Academy of Agricultural Sciences) Northwest A & F University Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resource Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Dryland Agricultural Research Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Crop Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Since 1990, crop yields have stagnated in many parts of the world, posing a significant challenge to global food security [1].As such, innovative solutions are needed to increase the resource-use efficiency of croppin... 详细信息

关键词： GROWTH furrow RIDGE PRODUCTIVITY TEMPERATURE MOISTURE MAIZE WHEAT

Irrigation Methods and Scheduling in the Delta Region of Mississippi: Current Status and Strategies to Improve Irrigation Efficiency

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第20期5卷 2917-2928页

作者： Hirut Kebede Daniel K. Fisher Ruixiu Sui Krishna N. Reddy Crop Production Systems Research Unit USDA-ARS Stoneville MS USA

Even though annual rainfall is high in the Delta region of Mississippi, only 30% occurs during the months in which the major crops are produced, making irrigation often necessary to meet crop water needs and to avoid risk of yield and profitability loss. Approximately, 65% of the farmland in this region is irrigated. The shallow Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer is the major source of water for irrigation and for aquaculture in the predominant catfish industry. This groundwater is being heavily used as row-crop irrigation has increased tremendously. Water level in this aquifer has declined significantly over the past twenty five years, with overdraft of approximately 370 million cubic meters of water per year. Moreover, the common irrigation practices in the Delta re-gion of Mississippi do not use water efficiently, further depleting the ground water and making ir-rigation more expensive to producers due to increasing energy prices. Irrigation experts in the re-gion have tested and verified various methods and tools that increase irrigation efficiency. This article presents a review of the current status of the irrigation practices in the Delta region of Mis-sissippi, and the improved methods and tools that are available to increase irrigation efficiency and to reduce energy costs for producers in the region as well as to stop the overdraft of the declining aquifer, ensuring its sustainable use.

关键词： The Delta Region of Mississippi Irrigation Efficiency Irrigation Scheduling furrow Irrigation Crop Water Use

Comparison between Hydro-Flume and Open Field Head Ditch Irrigation Systems at Kenana Sugar Scheme, Sudan

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Agricultural Sciences 2014年第7期5卷 588-603页

作者： Daffa Alla M. Abdel Wahab Ali M. Adeeb Agricultural Engineering Section Research and Development Department Kenana Sugar Company Rabak City Sudan Irrigation and Water Management Institute Gezira University Wad Medani Sudan

A study was undertaken in Kenana Sugar Scheme, Sudan during 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons. In this study, the gated pipe (hydro-flume) for ?furrow irrigation was compared with the conventional open field head ditch irrigation system concerning the volume of irrigation water applied to the field, irrigation efficiencies, the time of cutoff, water and irrigation time saved and the irrigation production efficiency (IPE). To achieve these objectives, two commercial cane fields having the same furrow lengths (2100 m) and slopes were chosen. The study shows that in the open field head ditch irrigation, the irrigation water added was 69.1 mm in the top, 75.7 mm in the ?middle and 66.1 mm in the end of the furrow. Whereas, the irrigation water added in the gated pipe system was 132.7 mm, 46.1 mm and 101.9 mm, respectively. The present study indicates that the gated-pipe system has a high value of application efficiency (79% - 88%) compared with the open field head ditch (69% - 71%). The percent of deep percolation (PDP) for the gated-pipe system is greater than the PDP obtained under open field head ditch irrigation conditions. Also the percent of runoff (PRO) is higher under the open field head ditch system and the water conveyance efficiency for the open field head ditch is 88%. While the gated pipe needs more advance time but can save 20 to 65 m3 of water/irrigation cycle with better uniformity coefficient (CU) and irrigation production efficiency (IPE) compared with the open field head ditch. From the above mentioned results, it is concluded that under Kenana conditions the gated-pipe system is better than the open field head ditch irrigation system keeping in mind that for more uniform water distribution through irrigated furrows of the long fields of Kenana, increased pressure head at the inlet and/or larger openings of the hydro-flume gates may be necessary.

关键词： Irrigation Sugarcane Gated Pipe Hydro-Flume furrow Application Efficiency Percolation

Analysis of cotton water productivity in Fergana Valley of Central Asia

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Agricultural Sciences 2012年第6期3卷 822-834页

作者： J. Mohan Reddy Shukhrat Muhammedjanov Kahramon Jumaboev Davron Eshmuratov International Water Management Institute Tashkent Uzbekistan S. Muhammedjanov Scientific Information Center of the Interstate Committee for Water Coordination Tashkent Uzbekistan

Cotton water productivity was studied in Fergana Valley of Central Asia during the years of 2009, 2010 and 2011. Data was collected from 18 demonstration fields (13 in Uzbekistan, 5 in Tajikistan). The demonstration field farmers implemented several improved agronomic and irrigation water management practices. The average values of crop yield, estimated crop consumptive use (ETa) and total water applied (TWA) for the demonstration sites were, respectively, 3700 kg/ha, 6360 m3/ha, and 8120 m3/ha. The range of values for TWA and ETa were, respectively, 5000 m3/ha to 12,000 m3/ha and 4500 m3/ha to 8000 m3/ha. A quadratic relationship was found between TWA and ETa. The average yield of the adjacent fields was 3300 kg/ha, whereas the average yield of cotton in Fergana Valley as a whole was 2900 kg/ha, indicating 28% and 14% increase in crop yield, respectively, from, demonstration fields and adjacent fields. There was no significant difference in crop yields between the wet years (2009 and 2010) and the dry year (2011), which is explained by the quadratic relationship between TWA and ETa. The water productivity values ranged from 0.35 kg/m3 to 0.89 kg/m3, indicating a significant potential for improving water productivity through agronomic and irrigation management interventions. The ratio of average ETa divided by average TWA gave an average application efficiency of 78% (some fields under-irrigated and some fields over-irrigated), the remaining 22% of water applied leaving the field. Since more than 60% of the water used for irrigation in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan is pumped from, even if all this 22% of water returns to the stream, substantial energy savings would accrue from improving the average application efficiency at field level. The range of values for TWA indicates the inequity in water distribution/accessibility. Addressing this inequity would also increase water productivity at field and project level.

关键词： furrow Irrigation of Cotton Irrigation in Fergana Valley Water Productivity

Effects of Different Tillage Methods on Chilling Resistance of Maize

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Agricultural Science & Technology 2008年第3期9卷 133-136页

作者：王俊国辽宁省建平县气象局辽宁建平122400

[Objective] Aiming at chilling damage of maize in lowland of western Liaoning, the powerful evidences of resisting chilling damage of maize were provided from tillage method perspective.[Method] The depths of plough layers, sunshine effects in seedling stage, resistances to frost damage, microclimatic effects such as soil moisture, root system in filling stage, growth periods and grain weights of maize planted on ridge and in furrow were comparatively observed. The random arrangement was adopted in comparative observation with 4 replications.[Result] The daily mean ground temperature and effective accumulated temperature of plough layer of maize planted on ridge were relatively high. In addition, the seedling stage and mature stage of maize planted on ridge were in advance, the soil moisture, root growth and seed plumpness of maize planted on ridge were good. [Conclusion] The ridge planting in lowland of western Liaoning could improve in 0-20 cm plough layer where root grew, besides that this method could also improve maize growth and development.

关键词： Tillage Maize Ridge planting furrow planting

Long-term effects of management systems on crop yield and soil physical properties of semi-arid tropics of Vertisols

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Agricultural Sciences 2011年第4期2卷 435-442页

作者： Prabhakar Pathak Suhas P Wani Raghavendra Rao Sudi 不详

Long-term experiments can be used to assess management induced changes in soil properties and sustainability of the management system in terms of the productivity. Such data are scanty, especially in the semi-arid tropics (SAT) region. A long-term experiment established in 1976 at ICRISAT in India on Vertisols with two management treatments;improved management (IM), comprising semi-permanent broadbed and furrow (BBF) landform with minimum tillage and improved cropping practices;and traditional management (TM) system comprising keeping the land fallow during the rainy season and sowing on flat landform during post-rainy season with traditional cropping practices, was sampled after 24 and 34 years for soil physical and hydrological properties. Results showed that both in short-and long-term the management systems had profound effect on crop yields. Also in the long-term IM and TM management systems had significant effect on several soil physical and hydrological properties. Throughout the soil profile IM systems had significantly lower bulk density, significantly higher porosity, substantially lower penetration resistance both at 5 cm (1 and 8 MPa) and 15 cm depths (8 and 15 MPa), significantly higher infiltration and sorptivity and significantly larger mean weight diameter of 4.3 mm compared to 2.8 mm for soils under TM. However, management systems had no significant effect on moisture holding capacities both at 0.033 and 1.5 MPa. Significant differences between the improved and traditional systems were observed in the size and pattern of soil surface cracks. Over the long-term, the improved management systems has very favorable effects on soil physical and hydrological properties and on the soil surface cracking and its patterns, thereby contributing to higher productivity.

关键词： Broadbed and furrow System Minimum Tillage Long-Term Experiment Sustainability

Studies on Productivity and Performance of Spring Sugarcane Sown in Different Planting Configurations

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第19期6卷 2984-2988页

作者： Samiullah Ehsanullah Shakeel Ahmad Anjum Mohsin Raza Naveed Hussain Mubashar Nadeem Nawazish Ali Department of Agronomy University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences Karakoram International University Gilgit Pakistan

Row spacing has a pivotal role in enhancing sugarcane yield and improving its quality. A study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of different planting techniques on performance of sugarcane at Agronomic Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Kharif 2014. Experimental treatments comprised of: 180 cm spaced trenches with tripple row strips, 180 cm spaced trenches with alternate row strips, 120 cm spaced trenches with double row strips and 60 cm spaced furrows with single rows. Sugarcane cultivar HSF-240 was used as experimental material. The experimental was conducted in RCBD with four replications. The expeimental results revealed that sugarcane number of tillers, plant height, cane length, stripped cane weight and stripped cane yield increased progressively with the increase in row spacing from 60 to 180 cm. While germination percentage and number of millable canes were not affected by different sowing techniques, maximum number of tillers (15.96 m-2), plant height (333.25 cm), stripped cane weight (0.94 kg) and stripped cane yield (107 t·ha-1) were recorded from 180 cm spaced trenches with tripple row strips.

关键词： Row Spacing Trench Planting furrow Planting Sugarcane Yield

Real-Time Modelling and Optimisation for Water and Energy Efficient Surface Irrigation

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2013年第7期5卷 681-688页

作者： Kanya L. Khatri Ashfaque A. Memon Yasin Shaikh Agha F. H. Pathan Sadiq A. Shah Kanwal K. Pinjani Rabia Soomro Rod Smith Zaheer Almani Department of Civil Engineering Mehran University of E & T Jamshoro Pakistan Department of Civil Engineering Mehran University of E & T Khairpur Campus Pakistan Department of Industrial Engineering Mehran University of E & T Jamshoro Pakistan Faculty of Engineering and Surveying Queensland USQ Toowoomba Australia Water Resources Division National Engineering Services Lahore Pakistan

The viability and sustainability of crop production is currently threatened by increasing water scarcity. Water scarcity problems can be addressed through improved water productivity and the options usually presumed in this context are efficient water use and conversion of surface irrigation to pressurised systems. By replacing furrow irrigation with drip or centre pivot systems, the water efficiency can be improved by up to 30% to 45%. However, the installation and application of pumps and pipes, and the associated fuels needed for these alternatives increase energy consumption. A balance between the improvement in water use and the potential increase in energy consumption is required. When surface water is used, pressurised irrigation systems increase energy consumption substantially, by between 65% to 75%, and produce greenhouse gas emissions around 1.75 times higher than that of gravity based irrigation systems so their use should be carefully planned keeping in view adverse impact of carbon emissions on the environment and threat of increasing energy prices. With gravity-fed surface irrigation methods, the energy consumption is assumed to be negligible. This study has shown that a novel real-time infiltration model REIP has enabled implementation of real-time optimisation and gravity fed surface irrigation with real-time optimisation has potential to bring significant improvements in irrigation performance along with substantial water savings of 2.92 ML/ha which is equivalent to that given by pressurised systems. The real-time optimisation and control thus offers a modern, environment friendly and water efficient system with close to zero increase in energy consumption and minimal greenhouse gas emissions.

关键词： Water Scarcity Real-Time Optimisation furrow Irrigation Carbon Emissions REIP

俄罗斯东北部提高寒冻土壤稳定性与肥力的工程措施(英文)

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冰川冻土 2004年第S1期26卷 179-183页

作者： Nikolay V. Ukhov North-Eastern Research Station Melnikov Permafrost Institute SB RAS Gagarin St. 12 Magadan 685024 Russia

The rational usage of low productive cryogenic landscapes in the North-Eastern part of Russia is impossible without carrying out special engineering preparation\. The preventing from negativethat often has destructive cryogenic processesin the area of ice-covered permafrost soils, provided by its thawing into the marginally necessary depth in thewhole area. The simplest and the most effective engineering method of faulting as anage-old stock （reserve）of surplus moisture in the form of ice from the upper parts of permafrost soils is the creation of continuous furrows net on the wholesurface. This method also raises the fertility of soils, reducesacidity, and raises microbiological activity and the degree of internal structure decaying. Thermophysical calculations and the results of the field study in the experimental firing grounds are the availableevidences of this methodwhich raises thethermal stability of cryogenic landscapes while mastering of global climate changes in different parts of cryolithozone.

关键词： cryosols cryogenic processes furrow net thermokarst