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Simulation of Dynamic Response of Small Wind-Photovoltaic-fuel cell Hybrid Energy System

Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2012年第3期3卷 194-203页

作者： Saeid Esmaeili Mehdi Shafiee Energy Department International Center for Science High Technology & Environmental Sciences Kerman Iran

Renewable energy systems are of importance as being modular, nature-friendly and domestic. Among renewable energy systems, a great deal of research has been conducted especially on photovoltaic effect, wind energy and fuel cell in the recent years. This paper describes dynamic modeling and simulation results of a small wind-photovoltaic-fuel cell hybrid energy system. The hybrid system consists of a 500 W wind turbine, a photovoltaic, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), ultracapacitors, an electrolyzer, a boost converter, controllers and a power converter that simulated using MATLAB solver. This kind of hybrid system is completely stand-alone, reliable and has high efficiency. In order to minimize sudden variations in voltage magnitude ultracapacitors are proposed. Power converter and inverter are used to produce ac output power. Dynamics of fuel-cell component such as double layer capacitance are also taken into account. Control scheme of fuel-cell flow controller and voltage regulators are based on PID controllers. Dynamic responses of the system for a step change in the electrical load and wind speed are presented. Results showed that the ability of the system in adapting itself to sudden changes and new conditions. Combination of PV and wind renewable sources is made the advantage of using this system in regions which have higher wind speeds in the seasons that suffers from less sunny days and vice versa.

关键词： Wind Energy Photovoltaic fuel-cell Hybrid Energy Systems Dynamics of Energy System

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Osmotic Pressure of Water in Nafion~

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2010年第4期15卷 385-390页

作者： Michael K.Budinski Adam Cook General Motors Company Electrochemical Energy Research Lab Honeoye Falls Trison Business Solutions

Mechanical failure modes leading to cracks or breeches in proton exchange membrane fuel cells are driven by mechanical forces associated with swelling from water uptake and shrinkage from dehumidifi- cation. To determine the magnitude of compressive mechanical stress imposed by water swelling in a proton exchange fuel-cell membrane, the osmotic pressure of water in a perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer （Nation N 117） membrane was measured using a hydrostatic piston-cylinder device with an in-situ hydrophilic frit. Experiments indicate that hydrostatic stresses greater than 103.5 MPa are created in a membrane when swollen with water at 23℃ suggesting that pressure from water swelling can distort Nafion N 117-based structures as the osmotic pressure is of the same order of magnitude as the flow stress of Nation N 117.

关键词： osmotic pressure pinholes proton exchange membrane fuel-cell perfluorosulfonic acidionomer

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