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Key challenges and approaches to addressing barriers in forest carbon offset projects

Journal of forestry Research 2022年第4期33卷 1109-1122页

作者： Chunyu Pan Anil Shrestha John LInnes Guomo Zhou Nuyun Li Jinliang Li Yeyun He Chunguang Sheng John-ONiles Guangyu Wang Faculty of forestry University of British Columbia2424 Main MallVancouverBC V6T 1Z4Canada Zhejiang Prov Key Lab of carbon Cycling forest Ecosystem Zhejiang A&F UniversityLinan 311300People’s Republic of China China Green carbon Foundation No.18Hepingli DongjieBeijing 100714People’s Republic of China College of Economics and Management Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040People’s Republic of China University of California San Diego9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaSan DiegoCA 92093USA

forest carbon offset(FCO)projects play an increasingly important role in mitigating climate change through market mechanisms in both compliance and voluntary ***,there are challenges and barriers to developing an FCO project,such as carbon leakage and cost-eff *** have been few attempts to summarize and synthesize all types and aspects of existing challenges and possible solutions for FCO *** paper systematically reviews and discusses the current challenges involved in developing FCO projects,and then draws on the experience and lessons of existing projects to show how those challenges were addressed in world-leading voluntary carbon standards,namely the Verifi ed carbon Standard,the American carbon Registry,the Climate Action Reserve,and Plan *** voluntary markets have rich experience in FCO projects and are responsible for a signifi cant share of the *** the 53 publications used in this analysis,three broad thematic categories of challenges *** were related to methodology,socio-economic implications,and *** challenges,particularly additionality,permanence,and leakage,were the focus of 46%of the selected research papers,while socio-economic challenges,including transaction,social,and opportunity costs,were addressed by 35%.The remaining 19%of the research articles focused on implementational challenges related to monitoring,reporting,and verifi *** voluntary standards adequately addressed most of the methodological and implementational barriers by adopting various ***,the standards did not adequately address socio-economic issues,despite these being the second most frequently discussed theme in the papers *** research is clearly needed on the socio-economic challenges involved in the development of FCO *** the development of high-quality forestry carbon off set projects,there are many challenges and no simple,universal recipe for addressi

关键词： forest carbon Offset schemes Market mechanisms Challenges Opportunities

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Re-estimating the changes and ranges of forest biomass carbon in China during the past 40 years

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forest Ecosystems 2019年第4期6卷 396-413页

作者： Xiaolu Zhou Xiangdong Lei Caixia Liu Huabing Huang Carl Zhou Changhui Peng Research Center for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China Ecological Modeling and carbon Science Department of Biology ScienceUniversity of Quebec at MontrealMontrealQC H3C 3P8Canada Institute of forest Resource Information Techniques Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijing 100091China State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital EarthChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Faculty of Health Sciences University of OttawaOttawaON K1N 6N5Canada.

Background: In recent decades the future of global forests has been a matter of increasing concern, particularly in relation to the threat of forest ecosystem responses under potential climate change. To the future predictions of these responses, the current forest biomass carbon storage(FCS) should first be clarified as much as possible,especially at national scales. However, few studies have introduced how to verify an FCS estimate by delimiting the reasonable ranges. This paper addresses an estimation of national FCS and its verification using two-step process to narrow the uncertainty. Our study focuses on a methodology for reducing the uncertainty resulted by converting from growing stock volume to above-and below-ground biomass(AB biomass), so as to eliminate the significant bias in national scale ***: We recommend splitting the estimation into two parts, one part for stem and the other part for AB biomass to preclude possible significant bias. Our method estimates the stem biomass from volume and wood density(WD), and converts the AB biomass from stem biomass by using allometric ***: Based on the presented two-step process, the estimation of China’s FCS is performed as an example to explicate how to infer the ranges of national FCS. The experimental results demonstrate a national FCS estimation within the reasonable ranges(relative errors: + 4.46% and-4.44%), e.g., 5.6–6.1 PgC for China’s forest ecosystem at the beginning of the 2010 s. These ranges are less than 0.52 PgC for confirming each FCS estimate of different periods during the last 40 years. In addition, our results suggest the upper-limits by specifying a highly impractical value of WD(0.7 t·m-3) on the national scale. As a control reference, this value decides what estimate is impossible to achieve for the FCS ***: Presented methodological analysis highlights the possibility to determine a range that the true value could be located in. The two-ste

关键词： Allometric equation forest carbon Stem-biomass proportion Volume-derived method Wood density

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Comparison of carbon-stock changes, eddycovariance carbon fluxes and model estimates in coastal Douglas-fir stands in British Columbia

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forest Ecosystems 2015年第2期2卷 104-122页

作者： Colin J Ferster JA (Tony) Trofymow Nicholas C Coops Baozhang Chen Thomas Andrew Black Department of forest Resources Management University of British Columbia Canadian forest Service (Pacific forestry Centre) Natural Resources Canada Department of Biology University of Victoria Faculty of Land and Food Systems University of British Columbia

Background： The global network of eddy-covariance （EC） flux-towers has improved the understanding of the terrestrial carbon （C） cycle, however, the network has a relatively limited spatial extent compared to forest inventory data and plots. Developing methods to use inventory-based and EC flux measurements together with modeling approaches is necessary evaluate forest C dynamics across broad spatial extents. Methods： Changes in C stock change （AC） were computed based on repeated measurements of forest inventory plots and compared with separate measurements of cumulative net ecosystem productivity （~NEP） over four years （2003 - 2006） for Douglas-fir （Pseudotsuga menzies# var menziesil} dominated regeneration （HDF00）, juvenile （HDF88 and HDF90） and near-rotation （DF49） aged stands （6, 18, 20, 57 years old in 2006, respectively） in coastal British Columbia. AC was determined from forest inventory plot data alone, and in a hybrid approach using inventory data along with litter fall data and published decay equations to determine the change in detrital pools. These AC-based estimates were then compared with Y_NEP measured at an eddy-covariance flux-tower （EC-flux） and modelled by the carbon Budget Model - Canadian forest Sector （CBM-CFS3） using historic forest inventory and forest disturbance data. Footprint analysis was used with remote sensing, soils and topography data to evaluate how well the inventory plots represented the range of stand conditions within the area of the flux-tower footprint and to spatially scale the plot data to the area of the EC-flux and model based estimates, Results： The closest convergence among methods was for the juvenile stands while the largest divergences were for the regenerating clearcut, followed by the near-rotation stand. At the regenerating clearcut, footprint weighting of CBM-CFS3 TNEP increased convergence with EC flux Z_NEP, but not for AC. While spatial scaling and footprint weighting did not increase convergence for AC, they d

关键词： forest carbon Micrometeorology Blometry Remote sensing Geographic information systems

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Application of remote sensing,an artificial neural network leaf area model,and a process-based simulation model to estimate carbon storage in Florida slash pine plantations.

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Journal of forestry Research 2010年第2期21卷 171-176,I0005页

作者： Douglas A.Shoemaker Wendell P.Cropper Jr The Center for Applied Geographical Information Science McEniry 320University of North Carolina-Charlotte9201 University City Blvd.Charlotte School of forest Resources and Conservation Box 110410University of Florida

carbon sequestration in forests is of great interest due to concerns about global climate *** storage rates depend on ecosystem fluxes（photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration）,typically quantified as net ecosystem exchange（NEE）.Methods to estimate forest NEE without intensive site sampling are needed to accurately assess rates of carbon sequestration at stand-level and larger *** produced spatially-explicit estimates of NEE for 9 770 ha of slash pine（Pinus elliottii） plantations in North-Central Florida for a single year by coupling remote sensing-based estimates of leaf area index（LAI） with a process-based growth simulation *** estimates produced from a neural-network modeling of ground plot and Landsat TM satellite data had a mean of 1.06（range 0-3.93,including forest edges）.Using the neural network LAI values as inputs,the slash pine simulation model（SPM2） estimates of NEE ranged from-5.52 to 11.06 Mg·ha^-1·a^-1with a mean of 3.47 Mg·ha^-1·a^-1Total carbon storage for the year was 33920 t,or about 3.5 tons per *** estimated LAI and NEE were highly sensitive to fertilization.

关键词： artificial neural network leaf area carbon exchange slash pine NEE forest carbon

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