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Diversity of Phlebotomine sand flies(Diptera: Psychodidae) in mountainous and plain areas of an endemic focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2020年第5期10卷 201-207页

作者： Saideh Yousefi Ali Reza Zahraei-Ramazani Yavar Rassi Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi Abbas Aghaei-Afshar Amir Ahmad Akhavan Masoumeh Amin Azim Paksa Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran Sirjan Faculty of Medical Sciences SirjanIran Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases Kerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran Leishmaniasis Research Center Kerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran Department of Parasitology Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical ScienceTabrizIran

Objective: To determine the diversity of sand flies in different biotopes of mountainous and plain areas of Bam County as the most infected focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeast Iran, and synanthropic index of Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot, and Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli as the main vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in ***: Sand flies were captured once a month using sticky traps in domestic, peri-domestic, agricultural, and sylvatic biotopes in the plain and mountainous areas. Alpha diversity indices, including richness, evenness, Shannon-Wiener;beta diversity indices(Jaccard’s and Sorensen’s similarity indices) and synanthropic index were calculated. Results: A total of 2 664 specimens of 9 sand fly species were collected from mountainous(47%) and plain(53%) areas. Species richness, species evenness, and Shannon-Wiener indices were obtained as 9, 0.637, and 1.399, respectively in the mountainous area. Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus papatasi were constant species with the synanthropic index of-18.463 and-29.412, respectively. In addition, species richness, species evenness, and Shannon-Wiener indices were 4, 0.690, and 0.956, respectively in the plain area. Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus papatasi were dominant species with the synanthropic index of +9.695 and +36.207, respectively. Similarity indices were low among different biotopes of plain and mountainous ***: A basic knowledge about the diversity of sand flies in various biotopes is essential to design sound control programs. Biodiversity and synanthropic indices of sand flies are different in plain and mountainous areas due to the difference in biotic and abiotic factors between the two areas.

关键词： Sand flies Diversity Richness Evenness Synanthropic index Iran

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Fauna and abundance of medically important flies of Muscidae and Fanniidae(Diptera) in Tehran,Iran

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2011年第3期4卷 220-223页

作者： Mehdi Khoobdel Behroz Davari Health Research Center Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran Department of Medical Entomology and Parasitology Faculty of MedicineKurdistan University of Medical SciencesPasdaran StreetSanandajIran

Objective:To determine the faunal diversity of Muscidae and Fanniidae flies in Tehran,Iran. Methods:A net-capturing by direct observing method and fly trap were used to capture adult *** determine the fauna of flies in different habitats,4 biotopes including corpse(human, birds,livestock),garbage and decaying organic matters,animal carcasses and human indoor habitat were *** hashing nets(95 cm in diameter) have been used for adult flies capture in these ***:In this study,totally 2 418 adult flies from 8 families including Muscidae,Fanniidae,Calliphoridae,Sarcophagidae,Tachinidae,Syrphidae,Anthomyiidae and Conopidae were *** these,1 279 belong to Muscidae and Fanniidae families. Four genera and 5 medically important species captured from two above mentioned families. Conclusions:Based on scientific documentation,2 species of Mvscina stobulons(***) and Fannia scalaris(***) are reported for the first time in *** *** is a cosmopolitan species and its presence in Iran was probable.

关键词： flies Taxonomy Muscidae Fannidae Iran

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Substrate colonization and relative abundance of immature forms of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in river Mada, Nasarawa State Nigeria

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Advances in Entomology 2013年第2期1卷 24-28页

作者： Ndubisi Raphael Uzoigwe Chukwuemaka Ikechukwu Njoku Gideon Aduk Amuga Jael Asabe Yohanna Department of Biological Sciences Nasarawa State University Keffi Nigeria Department of Zoology University of Jos Jos Nigeria Epidemiology and Control Division Onchocerciasis Research Department Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR) Vom Nigeria

Black flies, vectors of Onchocercavolvulus, are known to colonize fast flowing sections of rivers.A study on aspects of ecology of immature forms of black flies was conducted at River Mada. Larvae and Pupae of the Genus: Simulium were prospected on natural substrates found at various water currents along the course of the river over a 12-month period. Larvae of six speciesand pupae of three species were identified colonizing different substrates in the river. A total of 443 larvae and 142 pupae were collected, and thepeak month of collection was April. 405 (91.4%) larvae were identified as *** sl while 38 (8.6%) comprised S. adersi, ***, ***, S. bovisand ***. 110 (77.5%) of the pupae collected were *** while 32 (22.5%) were ***, and ***. The larvae unlike pupae appeared to be non discriminatory in substrate colonization and current preference. Paucity of the population of immature forms is observed and attributed primarily to scarcity of suitable substrates and other factors also discussed herein.

关键词： Black flies Colonization Immature Forms Mada River Relative Abundance Substrates

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An Analysis of Archetypal Characters and Images on Lord of the flies

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海外英语 2012年第21期 203-205页

作者：朱娟宁夏大学外国语学院宁夏银川750021

William Golding's masterpiece,Lord of the flies,enabled him to win the Nobel Prize in *** considered this novel as a myth,since he applied plenty of archetypes from Greek mythology and the Bible to this *** thesis is to ana lyze the main characters and images in it from a myth-archetypal perspective to reveal the author's writing purpose.

关键词： William Golding Lord of the flies Archetypal criti

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Local Boy "flies" over the Yellow River

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China Today 1999年第10期48卷 27-29页

作者： By staff reporter XUE LISHENG

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Stray Soul——A Psychoanalysis of the Reasons of Children's Murder in Lord of the flies

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英语广场（学术研究） 2012年第10期 34-38页

作者：吕亚慧内蒙古大学外国语学院

Lord of the flies is the first and outstanding novel by William Golding①, the Nobel Prize winner. In this novel, Golding exposes the dark side of human nature. What have left an impressive shocking image in this novel are the three bloody incidents occurring among the originally innocent children. After a brief introduction to Lord of the flies and comparison and contrast of the three murders, we find that the reasons are not only "the dark side of human nature", but also the death instinct, the instinct of fear and power, which are derived from psychoanalysis. Undeniably, the external factors, such as the social circumstance and natural surroundings are also responsible for the boys' uncontrolled behavior.

关键词： Lord of the flies Children’s Murder Death instinct Beyond the Pleasure Principle

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Leviathan in Lord of the flies from the Perspective of Political Philosophy

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新东方英语（中学版） 2019年第2期 134-135页

作者：罗佳雯张乃元武汉理工大学

William Golding,the Nobel Prize winner,depicts civilization and savagery,democracy and anarchy,reconstruction and destruction vividly in his masterpiece Lord of the *** a more cogent interpretation of Lord of the flies,this thesis is intended to demonstrate and analyze the descriptive construction of society from the perspective of political *** the view of Thomas Hobbes'theory,the thesis makes a comparison between Lord of the flies and Leviathan by focusing on state of na-ture,law of nature,social contract and common *** study reveals that the commonwealth originates from a conflict that the contradiction in human *** considering the evil nature of human beings,the state of commonwealth is indispensable for hu-man existence and sustainability which arouse the reflection of the civilization order and regime.

关键词： Lord of the flies Leviathan Hobbes political philosophy human sustainability

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Fauna and relative frequency of synanthropic flies in the biggest Persian Gulf Island,Qeshm,Iran

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2015年第9期 733-736页

作者： Mehdi Khoobdel Kamran Akbarzadeh Javad Rafinejad Health Research Center Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran

Objective:To identify the diversity and relative abundance of medically important species of synanthropic flies and their seasonal activity on Qeshm Island in Persian Gulf,***:flies collection was performed during March 2011 to February 2012 in all different areas of the island by using the common fly trap and plastic water bottle fly trap,reverse-cone model,containing tainted lamb or beef meat as *** captured flies were identified by using valid flies systematic keys,checklists and species *** relative abundances and seasonal activity of flies were estimated by means of flies captured per trap in every ***:In this study a total number of 11 species of medically important flies in three families including Calliphoridae,Sarcophagidae and Muscidae,were *** relative mean abundance of flies was estimated to be 6.3±1.1 per *** most abundance was seen in rural areas in the south of Qeshm Island with 10.1±1.5 per *** this island,medically impotent flies had two peaks of activity in early spring and early autumn,during April and *** activity decreased in July and August due to the high increase of temperature and humidity of the *** February,the relative decrease in air temperature reduced the activity of the ***:Diversity and abundance of flies in spring and early autumn were higher than other seasons,especially in rural areas of Southern Qeshm *** control measures should be conducted during the peak of flies activity.

关键词： flies Muscidae Sarcophagidae Calliphoridae Synanthropic flies Nonbiting flies Myiasis Persian Gulf

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Objective Symbols in Lord of the flies

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海外英语 2013年第11X期 200-201,204页

作者：李梅郑州大学新闻与传播学院河南郑州450002

The novel Lord of the flies was published in 1954, since then, a lot of praise, including the honor of the Nobel Prize in literature, was given to the novel and its author. The magic of the novel lies in something under the surface meaning of the novel itself. With symbolism as a main figurative device, there are various symbols in this novel. Symbol, in literature, is a thing that refers or suggests something more than its literal meaning. In this novel, a lot of symbols are employed, some of them are obvious, others are obscure. This paper will focus on the objective symbols, the things and the people that can be seen by our eyes.

关键词： Lord of the flies figurative device symbolism obje

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Piggy in Lord of the flies: A“Great Martyr”

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海外英语 2014年第6X期 211-213页

作者：何颖湖南科技大学外国语学院湖南湘潭411201

Lord of the flies is generally considered to be the masterpiece of William Golding,one of the most famous writers in the *** are four major characters in Lord of the flies,Ralph,Jack,Piggy and *** is a character that Golding elaborately ***,scholars and critics pay less attention to *** a matter of fact,Piggy plays an indispensable role in this *** thesis analyzes Piggy in Lord of the flies,which aims at exploring the real reason of his being looked down upon and laughed at as well as his tragedy and deepening readers’understanding of Piggy in this *** the analysis of Piggy,the author of this thesis finds that Piggy is incarnation of science and reason and prey of evil and *** is a"great martyr",who dies for his scientific and rational beliefs.

关键词： William Golding Lord of the flies Piggy

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