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Nano Research 2024年第5期17卷 4016-4022页

作者： Xin Zhang Junhao Wang Mengyan Wang Dongxu Liu Zhuo Wang College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 101408China Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing 101400China

Hydrogels electrolytes with flexibility and high conductivity have been widely used in kinds of flexible electronics.However,hydrogels always suffer from the inevitable freezing of water at subzero temperatures,which results in the sacrificing of their electrical properties.Herein,an anti-freezing,flexible hydrogel based on in situ reduction of graphene oxide(GO)and laponite has been developed as electrolyte for high performance supercapacitor and sensitive sensors.The crosslinked GO and laponite in polyacrylamide(PAM)resulted in an enhanced mechanical property,while the in-situ reduction of GO in the hydrogel enhanced the conductivity and diminishes the aggregated of GO.These features guarantee a reliable electro signal as sensor and a high performance of the supercapacitor.Besides,in the process of preparation of reduced graphene oxide(rGO)hydrogel,the addition of ethylene glycol(EG)and KOH,endows the hydrogel antifreeze properties.This anti-freezing electrolyte can be stretched to a strain of 1600%and maintained a specific capacitance of 37.38 F·g^(-1) at-20℃.In addition,the photothermal conversion character of rGO in the hydrogel,endows it’s the potential application in wound healing.The overall merits of the hydrogel will open up a new avenue for sensitive sensor and energy storage device in practical applications.

关键词： hydrogel in-situ reduction flexible electronics low temperature tolerance photothermal therapy

Electrohydrodynamic printing for high resolution patterning of flexible electronics toward industrial applications

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InfoMat 2024年第2期6卷 28-56页

作者： Zhouping Yin Dazhi Wang Yunlong Guo Zhiyuan Zhao Liqiang Li Wei Chen Yongqing Duan State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanthe People's Republic of China Optics Valley Laboratory Wuhanthe People's Republic of China Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province Dalian University of TechnologyDalianthe People's Republic of China Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingthe People's Republic of China Institute of Molecular Aggregation Sciences Tianjin UniversityTianjinthe People's Republic of China

Electrohydrodynamic(EHD)printing technique,which deposits micro/nanostructures through high electric force,has recently attracted significant research interest owing to their fascinating characteristics in high resolution(flexible/wearable applications.Since the laboratory level of the EHD printed electronics'resolution and efficiency is gradually approaching the commercial application level,an urgent need for developing EHD technique from laboratory into industrialization have been put forward.Herein,we first discuss the EHD printing technique,including the ink design,droplet formation,and key technologies for promoting printing efficiency/accuracy.Then we summarize the recent progress of EHD printing in fabrication of displays,organic field-effect transistors(OFETs),transparent electrodes,and sensors and actuators.Finally,a brief summary and the outlook for future research effort are presented.

关键词： display electrohydrodynamic printing flexible electronics organic field-effect transistor printhead

flexible electronics manufacturing technology and equipment

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2022年第9期65卷 1940-1956页

作者： YIN ZhouPing HUANG YongAn YANG Hua CHEN JianKui DUAN YongQing CHEN Wei State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology School of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074China flexible electronics Research Center Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074China

flexible electronics such as mechanically compliant displays,sensors and solar cells,have important applications in the fields of energy,national defence and biomedicine,etc.Various types of flexible electronics have been proposed or developed by the improvements in structural designs,material properties and device integrations.However,the manufacturing of flexible electronics receives little attention,which limits its mass production and industrialization.The increasing demands on the size,functionality,resolution ratio and reliability of flexible electronics bring several significant challenges in their manufacturing processes.This work aims to report the state-of-art technologies and applications of flexible electronics manufacturing.Three key technologies including electrohydrodynamic direct-writing,flip chip and automatic optical inspection are highlighted.The mechanism and developments of these technologies are discussed in detail.Based on these technologies,the present work develops three kinds of manufacturing equipment,i.e.,inkjet printing manufacturing equipment,robotized additive manufacturing equipment,and roll-to-roll manufacturing equipment.The advanced manufacturing processes,equipment and systems for flexible electronics pave the way for applications of new displays,smart sensing skins and epidermal electronics,etc.By reviewing the developments of flexible electronics manufacturing technology and equipment,it can be found that the existing advances greatly promote the applications and commercialization of flexible electronics.Since flexible electronics manufacturing contains many multi-disciplinary problems,the current investigations are confronted with great challenges.Therefore,further developments of the reviewed manufacturing technology and equipment are necessary to break the current limitations of manufacturing resolution,efficiency and reliability.

关键词： flexible electronics micro/nano manufacturing electrohydrodynamic direct-writing flip chip automatic optical inspection

flexible electronics and optoelectronics of 2D van der Waals materials

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2022年第4期29卷 671-690页

作者： Huihui Yu Zhihong Cao Zheng Zhang Xiankun Zhang Yue Zhang Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and TechnologiesUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China

flexible electronics and optoelectronics exhibit inevitable trends in next-generation intelligent industries,including healthcare and wellness,electronic skins,the automotive industry,and foldable or rollable displays.Traditional bulk-material-based flexible devices considerably rely on lattice-matched crystal structures and are usually plagued by unavoidable chemical disorders at the interface.Two-dimensional van der Waals materials(2D VdWMs)have exceptional multifunctional properties,including large specific area,dangling-bond-free interface,plane-to-plane van der Waals interactions,and excellent mechanical,electrical,and optical properties.Thus,2D VdWMs have considerable application potential in functional intelligent flexible devices.To utilize the unique properties of 2D VdWMs and their van der Waals heterostructures,new designs and configurations of electronics and optoelectronics have emerged.However,these new designs and configurations do not consider lattice mismatch and process incompatibility issues.In this review,we summarized the recently reported 2D VdWM-based flexible electronic and optoelectronic devices with various functions thoroughly.Moreover,we identified the challenges and opportunities for further applications of 2D VdWM-based flexible electronics and optoelectronics.

关键词： two-dimensional van der Waals material two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructure flexible electronics flexible optoelectronics

Recent progress of flexible electronics by 2D transition metal dichalcogenides

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Nano Research 2022年第3期15卷 2413-2432页

作者： Lu Zheng Xuewen Wang Hanjun Jiang Manzhang Xu Wei Huang Zheng Liu Frontiers Science Center for flexible electronics(FSCFE)&Shaanxi Institute of flexible electronics(SIFE) Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’an 710072China Shaanxi Key Laboratory of flexible electronics(KLoFE) Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’an 710072China School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore 639798Singapore

flexible electronics is the research field with interdisciplinary crossing and integration.It shows the promising advantages of novel device configurations,low-cost and low-power consumption due to their flexible and soft characteristics.Atomic layered two-dimensional(2D)materials especially transition metal dichalcogenides,have triggered great interest in ultra-thin 2D flexible electronic devices and optoelectronic devices because of their direct and tunable bandgaps,excellent electrical,optical,mechanical,and thermal properties.This review aims to provide the recent progress in 2D TMDs and their applications in flexible electronics.The fundamental electrical properties and mechanical properties of materials,flexible device configurations,and their performance in transistors,sensors,and photodetectors are thoroughly discussed.At last,some perspectives are given on the open challenges and prospects for 2D TMDs flexible electronic devices and new device opportunities.

关键词： two-dimensional materials flexible electronics flexible transistors flexible sensors

Artificial Intelligence Meets flexible Sensors:Emerging Smart flexible Sensing Systems Driven by Machine Learning and Artificial Synapses

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Nano-Micro Letters 2024年第1期16卷 235-273页

作者： Tianming Sun Bin Feng Jinpeng Huo Yu Xiao Wengan Wang Jin Peng Zehua Li Chengjie Du Wenxian Wang Guisheng Zou Lei Liu Department of Mechanical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced EquipmentKey Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing TechnologyMinistry of Education of PR ChinaTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084People’s Republic of China College of Materials Science and Engineering Shanxi ProvinceTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan 030024People’s Republic of China

The recent wave of the artificial intelligence(AI)revolution has aroused unprecedented interest in the intelligentialize of human society.As an essential component that bridges the physical world and digital signals,flexible sensors are evolving from a single sensing element to a smarter system,which is capable of highly efficient acquisition,analysis,and even perception of vast,multifaceted data.While challenging from a manual perspective,the development of intelligent flexible sensing has been remarkably facilitated owing to the rapid advances of brain-inspired AI innovations from both the algorithm(machine learning)and the framework(artificial synapses)level.This review presents the recent progress of the emerging AI-driven,intelligent flexible sensing systems.The basic concept of machine learning and artificial synapses are introduced.The new enabling features induced by the fusion of AI and flexible sensing are comprehensively reviewed,which significantly advances the applications such as flexible sensory systems,soft/humanoid robotics,and human activity monitoring.As two of the most profound innovations in the twenty-first century,the deep incorporation of flexible sensing and AI technology holds tremendous potential for creating a smarter world for human beings.

关键词： flexible electronics Wearable electronics Neuromorphic Memristor Deep learning

Viologen-based flexible electrochromic devices

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第6期93卷 453-470,I0012页

作者： Wenwen Wu Shanlu Guo Jing Bian Xingyu He Haizeng Li Jianmin Li College of Electronic and Optical Engineering&College of flexible electronics(Future Technology) Nanjing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsNanjing 210023JiangsuChina Department of Pathology College of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnati 45221OhioUSA Optics and Thermal Radiation Research Center Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary ScienceShandong UniversityQingdao 266237ShandongChina

Electrochromic technology has gained significant attention in various fields such as displays,smart windows,biomedical monitoring,military camouflage,human-machine interaction,and electronic skin due to its ability to provide reversible and fast color changes under applied voltage.With the rapid development and increasing demand for flexible electronics,flexible electrochromic devices(FECDs)that offer smarter and more controllable light modulation hold great promise for practical applications.The electrochromic material(ECM)undergoing color changes during the electrochemical reactions is one of the key components in electrochromic devices.Among the ECMs,viologens,a family of organic small molecules with 1,1'-disubstituted-4,4'-dipyridinium salts,have garnered extensive research interest,due to their well-reversible redox reactions,excellent electron acceptance ability,and the ability to produce multiple colors.Notably,viologen-based FECDs demonstrate color changes in the liquid or semisolid electrolyte layer,eliminating the need for two solid electrodes and thus simplifying the device structure.Consequently,viologens offer significant potential for the development of FECDs with high optical contrast,fast response speed,and excellent stability.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress and perspectives of viologen-based FECDs.It begins by summarizing the typical structure and recent exciting developments in viologen-based FECDs,along with their advantages and disadvantages.Furthermore,the review discusses recent advancements in FECDs with additional functionalities such as sensing,photochromism,and energy storage.Finally,the remaining challenges and potential research directions for the future of viologen-based FECDs are addressed.

关键词： flexible electrochromic devices Optical modulation Viologens flexible electronics Multifunctional devices Electrochromism

Highly elastic energy storage device based on intrinsically super-stretchable polymer lithium-ion conductor with high conductivity

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Fundamental Research 2024年第1期4卷 140-146页

作者： Shi Wang Jixin He Qiange Li Yu Wang Chongyang Liu Tao Cheng Wen-Yong Lai State Key Laboratory of Organic electronics and Information Displays(SKLOEID) Institute of Advanced Materials(IAM)School of Chemistry and Life SciencesNanjing University of Posts&Telecommunications9 Wenyuan RoadNanjing 210023China Frontiers Science Center for flexible electronics(FSCFE) MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(KLoFE)Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an 710072China

Stretchable power sources,especially stretchable lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),have attracted increasing attention due to their enormous prospects for powering flexible/wearable electronics.Despite recent advances,it is still challenging to develop ultra-stretchable LIBs that can withstand large deformation.In particular,stretchable LIBs require an elastic electrolyte as a basic component,while the conductivity of most elastic electrolytes drops sharply during deformation,especially during large deformations.This is why highly stretchable LIBs have not yet been realized until now.As a proof of concept,a super-stretchable LIB with strain up to 1200%is created based on an intrinsically super-stretchable polymer electrolyte as the lithium-ion conductor.The super-stretchable conductive system is constructed by an effective diblock copolymerization strategy via photocuring of vinyl functionalized 2-ureido-4-pyrimidone(VFUpy),an acrylic monomer containing succinonitrile and a lithium salt,achieving high ionic conductivity(3.5×10^(-4)mS cm^(-1)at room temperature(RT))and large deformation(the strain can reach 4560%).The acrylic elastomer containing Li-ion conductive domains can strongly increase the compatibility between the neighboring elastic networks,resulting in high ionic conductivity under ultra-large deformation,while VFUpy increases elasticity modulus(over three times)and electrochemical stability(voltage window reaches 5.3 V)of the prepared polymer conductor.At a strain of up to 1200%,the resulting stretchable LIBs are still sufficient to power LEDs.This study sheds light on the design and development of high-performance intrinsically super-stretchable materials for the advancement of highly elastic energy storage devices for powering flexible/wearable electronics that can endure large deformation.

关键词： Stretchable electronics flexible electronics flexible energy storage devices Stretchable lithium-ion conductors flexible lithium-ion batteries

Large-Area Gravure-Printed AgNWs Electrode on Water/Oxygen Barrier Substrate for Long-Term Stable Large-Area flexible Organic Solar Cells

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Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2024年第5期42卷 478-484页

作者： Hao Wang Yaqin Pan Yunfei Han Zhuo Chen Tianyu Liu Lianping Zhang Qun Luo Chang-Qi Ma Printable electronics Research Center & i-Lab Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-BionicsChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)SuzhouJiangsu215123 China Nano Science and Technology Institute University of Science and Technology of China166 Ren Ai RoadSEID SIPSuzhouJiangsu215123 China

Large-area AgNWs electrodes(25 cm×10 cm)were fabricated through roll-to-roll printing on the polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)modified water and oxygen barrier substrate.The modification of the barrier film with PVA improved the wettability of silver nanowires on the barrier films and led to the formation of homogenous large-area AgNWs networks.The mechanical flexibility,especially the adhesion force between the silver electrode and the barrier film substrate was dramatically improved through PVA modification.The efficiency of 13.51%for the flexible OSCs with an area of 0.64 cm2 was achieved based on the PET/barrier film/PVA/AgNWs electrode.The long-term stability showed the flexible OSCs based on the PET/barrier film/PVA/AgNWs electrode have a significantly improved stability relative to the device on PET/AgNWs electrode,and comparable air stability as the rigid device with glass/ITO device.The unencapsulated devices maintained nearly 50%of the original efficiency after storage for 600 h in air.After a simple top encapsulation,the flexible devices remained at 60%of the initial efficiency after 2000 h in the air.Therefore,the flexible AgNWs electrode based on the barrier film would have the potential to improve the air storage stability of organic flexible solar cells.

关键词： flexible organic solar cell AgNWs electrode Air storage stability Barrier films substrate Energy conversion flexible electronics Interface

Transparent micropatterned conductive films based on highlyordered nanowire network

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Nano Research 2024年第5期17卷 4288-4297页

作者： Xin-Ran Zhang Hai-Tao Deng Xu Zeng Yi-Lin Wang Peng Huang Xiao-Sheng Zhang School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 611731China

Transparent conductive films that are based on nanowire networks are essential to construct flexible,wearable,and even stretchable electronics.However,large-scale precise micropatterning,especially with regard to the controllability of the organizing orientation of nanowires,is a critical challenge.Herein,we proposed a liquid film rupture self-assembly approach for manufacturing transparent conductive films with microstructure arrays based on a highly ordered nanowire network.The large-scale microstructure conductive films were fabricated through air-liquid interface self-assembly and liquid film rupture self-assembly.Six typical micropattern morphologies,including square,hexagon,circle,serpentine,etc.,were prepared to reveal the universal applicability of the proposed approach.The homogeneity and controllability of this approach were verified for multiple assemblies.With the assembly cycles increasing,the optical transmittance decreases slightly.In addition,theoretical model analysis is carried out,and the analytical formula of the speed of the film moving with the surface tension and the density of the liquid film is presented.Finally,the feasibility of this approach for piezoresistive strain sensors is verified.This fabrication approach demonstrated a cost-effective and efficient method for precisely arranging nanowires,which is useful in transparent and wearable applications.

关键词： flexible electronics transparent conductive network micropatterning nanowires micro electromechanical systems(MEMS)