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family characteristics on self-reported toothache among Indonesian children aged 12-14 years

Frontiers of Nursing 2018年第3期5卷 235-239页

作者： Elyda Akhya Afida Misrohmasari Hestieyonini Hadnyanawati Kiswaluyo Berlian Prihartiningrum Dina Eka Putri Faculty of Oentisty University of Jember Jember 68121 Indonesia Private Dental Clinic Lumajang 67374 Indonesia

Objective： Toothache was reported as a reason for school absenteeism, sleeping difficulties, loss of appetite, and seeking dental treatment among children. These represented some impacts of dental problems on health, quality of life, and socioeconomic problems. The aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of toothache among 12-14-year-old children in Indonesia and their family characteristics and to analyze the associations of family characteristics on the toothache. Methods： We analyzed the data from the Indonesian family Life Survey 5 in 2014-2015. A total of 2,377 children aged 12-14 years were included in this survey. This age is the early stage of eruption of all permanent teeth. Children were asked about their experience on toothache in the last 4 weeks as a dependent variable. The independent variables were the family socioeconomic characteristics including father＇s and mother＇s highest educational level, family income, and the number of children in the family. A logistic regression was applied to analyze the relationship of family characteristics with toothache experience of children. Results： Toothache experience was reported from 13.9% of the respondents. Descriptive statistics showed that higher percentages of toothache were experienced by male children and children from family with lower parental education and economic position as well as from bigger family. However, logistic regression showed that only the number of children in the family had a statistically positive association with self-reported toothache of the children. Children living in the family with more than four children were more likely reported toothache than living in the family with one or two children （P=0.012; odds ratio [OR] = 1.53）. Children living with more siblings may experience less attention from their parents on oral health hygiene. Poor oral health habits could result in dental pain. Conclusions： Descriptive statistics showed that a higher percentage of toothache was

关键词： toothache children family characteristics

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The Status and Role of Women

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China Population Today 1994年第3期11卷 13-16页

作者： $$$$

Women have enjoyed equal legal rights with men in politics, culture, education, work, property, marriage, and the family since the founding of the People's Republic in 1949. In 1949, 90% of Chinese women were illiterate; in 1992, the illiteracy rate for women dropped to 32%, whereas for males it was only 13%. In 1992, the proportion of women employed outside the home accounted for 72% of the total female population aged 15 years and older and 44% of the total number of employees. The total number of urban women employees increased from 600,000 in 1949 to 56 million in 1993. In urban areas, women generally receive 77.4% of the pay given to men; in rural areas, women receive 81.4%. The infant mortality rate dropped from 200/1000 in 1949 to 31.4/1000 in 1992. Life expectancy for women has risen dramatically from 36.7 years in 1949 to 72 years in 1992. Nevertheless, there is still relatively high mortality among female babies aged 0-4 years; and since the 1950s, there has been a major decline in the proportion of women breast-feeding their babies in both rural and urban areas. Over the past 4 decades, the mean age at first marriage has been increasing, and the majority of women now make their own decision regarding their marriage partners. China currently has 267 million families, and every year, about 10 million newly-wed couples are added to that figure. When the Eighth National People's Congress (NPC) was convened in 1993, women deputies accounted for more than 21% of the total. More than 300 women have been elected mayor or deputy mayor of China's 517 cities. In rural areas in particular, more opportunities for education and employment are given to sons, owing to traditional misconceptions and the need for boys to help on the farm. The All-China Women's Federation has organized women's groups. In the rural areas, women are being encouraged to obtain more education and develop skills.

关键词： Asia Behavior China Demographic Factors Developing Countries Eastern Asia Economic Factors Employment Status--women family And Household family characteristics family Relationships Income Income Distribution Inequalities Infant Mortality Mortality Population Population Dynamics Psychological Factors Sex Preference Socioeconomic Factors Socioeconomic Status Sons Value Orientation Women's Status

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New microsome-associated HT-family proteins from Nicotiana respond to pollination and define an HT/NOD-24 protein family

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Molecular Plant 2008年第4期1卷 634-644页

作者： Katsuhiko Kondo Bruce McClure Department of Biochemistry Interdisciplinary Plant Group and the Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center University of Missouri MI USA

HT-family proteins have been identified in Nicotiana, Solanum, and Petunia. HT-B-type proteins are implicated in S-RNase-based self-incompatibility, but the functions of other family members are unknown. Screening for cDNA sequences with an expression pattern similar to HT-B in Nicotiana alata revealed a new group of small HT-family proteins, designated HT-M. HT-M proteins resemble HT-B in several respects： their pistil-specific expression pattern is indistinguishable from HT-B, they pellet with a microsome fraction, and their abundance decreases after pollination. Unlike HT-B, there is no S-specificity to this response, and RNAi experiments show that HT-M proteins are not necessary for self-incompatibility. Identification of a third group of pistil-specific HT-family proteins helps better define the characteristics of the family and allowed identification of putative new family members. By searching the databases with only the most conserved HT- family sequence elements, the signal sequence and cysteine motifs, we identified nodulin-24-1ike proteins and several small glycine-rich proteins as putative HT-family members. Like HT-M and HT-B, nodulin-24 is membrane associated. We propose that the conserved features in HT-family proteins are important for targeting or modification and refer to the broader family that includes both HT- and nodulin-24-1ike proteins as the HT/NOD-24-family.

关键词： Pollination atrolysin B family characteristics multiple myeloma M-proteins Protein family family Members Proteins Nicotiana

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Information Technology Career Interest on High School Students Based on family Background

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Computer Technology and Application 2011年第3期2卷 232-237页

作者： Hotniar Siringoringo Yudi Agustono Suryadi Harmanto Anacostia Kowanda Gunadarma University Jalan Margonda Raya No. 100 Depok 16424 Indonesia

The objective of this paper is to measure word of mouth influence on IT career interest based on family background on Indonesian students. For this purpose the author used questionnaire as research instrument. Data as a value to interest, word of mouth and family background variables, was gathered from high school students in Jakarta metropolitan. Further, data was analyzed using multiple groups on Lisrel software. Result shows that there＇s difference on the influence of word of mouth on computer/IT career interest based on family background. Model relationship between word of mouth and student interest towards computer/IT is moderated by parent education and birth order.

关键词： Career interest family characteristics Indonesian students information technology word of mouth.

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论中古时期世族家风、家学之特质

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魏晋南北朝隋唐史 2003年第6期

作者：王永平

世族是中古时期据有统治地位的社会阶层。以家风、家学为主要内容的世族文化，是当时各大家族延续其家世、维持其门第、提高其门望的关键性因素。世族之家风，即其家族之精神传统，其表象虽然纷繁，但其核心则是儒家礼法规范，讲求孝义... 详细信息

世族是中古时期据有统治地位的社会阶层。以家风、家学为主要内容的世族文化，是当时各大家族延续其家世、维持其门第、提高其门望的关键性因素。世族之家风，即其家族之精神传统，其表象虽然纷繁，但其核心则是儒家礼法规范，讲求孝义；至于世族之家学，其最重儒家礼学，并且包容文史、杂艺等，以增强世族的适应性和生存能力。

关键词：中古世族家风家学江东文化 middle ancient age clans family characteristics family education Jiangdong culture

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农村家庭收入来源、家庭特征与旅游消费

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旅游管理 2020年第4期

作者：邓涛涛胡玉坤杨胜运马木兰

中国作为农业人口大国，其农村家庭蕴藏着巨大的旅游消费潜力。在收入不断提高的市场环境下，农村家庭旅游消费却远未达到与其收入匹配的预期水平，这可能与家庭收入结构有关。文章基于行为经济学中的心理账户理论，采用中国家庭追踪调... 详细信息

中国作为农业人口大国，其农村家庭蕴藏着巨大的旅游消费潜力。在收入不断提高的市场环境下，农村家庭旅游消费却远未达到与其收入匹配的预期水平，这可能与家庭收入结构有关。文章基于行为经济学中的心理账户理论，采用中国家庭追踪调查数据，从微观层面检验不同来源收入对农村家庭旅游消费需求的差异化影响，从理论和经验上验证农村家庭旅游消费行为中的心理账户效应。结果表明：农村家庭针对不同来源的收入采用不同的旅游消费预算和处理规则，表现为不同类别收入存在差异化的边际旅游消费倾向，即存在心理账户效应，并且农村家庭旅游消费行为中的心理账户效应比城镇家庭更显著。同时，文章发现，典型的农村家庭特征对边际旅游消费倾向以及心理账户效应产生异质性影响。从事非农业生产的农村家庭，其边际旅游消费倾向总体更高，且心理账户效应更显著。随着受教育程度提高，农村家庭在旅游消费上的心理账户效应也越显著。对于子女年龄处于中学阶段的农村家庭，其旅游消费的心理账户效应比较明显。

关键词：收入来源心理账户旅游消费农村家庭家庭特征 source of income mental accounting tourism consumption rural households family characteristics

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