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The effect of activity and face masks on exhaled particles in children

Pediatric Investigation 2023年第2期7卷 75-85页

作者： Peter P.Moschovis Jesiel Lombay Jennifer Rooney Sara R.Schenkel Dilpreet Singh Shawheen J.Rezaei Nora Salo Amanda Gong Lael M.Yonker Jhill Shah Douglas Hayden Patricia L.Hibberd Philip Demokritou T.Bernard Kinane Department of Pediatrics Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA Department of Environmental Health Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Rutgers University School of Public HealthNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA David Geffen School of Medicine the University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA Department of Global Health Boston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA

Importance:Despite the high burden of respiratory infections among children,the production of exhaled particles during common activities and the efficacy of face masks in children have not been sufficiently studied.Objective:To determine the effect of type of activity and mask usage on exhaled particle production in children.Methods:Healthy children were asked to perform activities that ranged in intensity(breathing quietly,speaking,singing,coughing,and sneezing)while wearing no mask,a cloth mask,or a surgical mask.The concentration and size of exhaled particles were assessed during each activity.Results:Twenty-three children were enrolled in the study.Average exhaled particle concentration increased by intensity of activity,with the lowest particle concentration during tidal breathing(1.285 particles/cm^(3)[95%CI 0.943,1.627])and highest particle concentration during sneezing(5.183 particles/cm^(3)[95%CI 1.911,8.455]).High-intensity activities were associated with an increase primarily in the respirable size(≤5μm)particle fraction.Surgical and cloth masks were associated with lower average particle concentration compared to no mask(P=0.026 for sneezing).Surgical masks outperformed cloth masks across all activities,especially within the respirable size fraction.In a multivariable linear regression model,we observed significant effect modification of activity by age and by mask type.Interpretation:Similar to adults,children produce exhaled particles that vary in size and concentration across a range of activities.Production of respirable size fraction particles(≤5μm),the dominant mode of transmission of many respiratory viruses,increases significantly with coughing and sneezing and is most effectively reduced by wearing surgical face masks.

关键词： Aerosol face masks Respiratory particles

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Effect of face masks on speech understanding: A clinical perspective during speech audiometry

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Journal of Otology 2022年第3期17卷 140-145页

作者： Rawish Kumar Sanjay Kumar Munjal Anuradha Sharma Md Noorain Alam Naresh K.Panda Department of Otolaryngology PGIMERChandigarhIndia

The objective was to measure the effect of various face masks on speech recognition threshold and the word recognition score in the presence of varying background noise levels.20 normal-hearing adult subjects(a total of 40 ears)participated.Pure tone audiometry followed by speech recognition threshold and word recognition score at the most comfortable level in varying signal-to-noise ratios(SNR0,SNR10,and SNR15)using surgical,pleated cloth,and N95 masks.Using surgical,cloth,and N95 masks,speech recognition thresholds increased by 1.8 dB,4.4 dB,and 5.05 dB,respectively.Word recognition scores decreased by 32%without a mask,43.7%in a surgical mask,46.3%in a cloth mask,and 46.7%in N95 mask conditions,between SNR15 and SNR0.The speech recognition threshold was negatively affected with cloth and N95 masks.Surgical masks do not affect the word recognition scores at lower background noise levels.However,as the signal-to-noise ratio decreased,even the surgical,cloth,and N95 masks significantly impacted the word recognition score even in normal-hearing individuals.

关键词： face masks Speech recognition threshold Word recognition score Signal-to-noise ratio Communication

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Electrospun Nanofibers-Based face masks

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Advanced Fiber Materials 2020年第3期2卷 161-166页

作者： Mike Tebyetekerwa Zhen Xu Shengyuan Yang Seeram Ramakrishna Research School of Electrical Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2601Australia Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College LondonLondon SW72AZUK State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials Shanghai“Belt&Road”International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low‑Dimension MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai 201620People’s Republic of China Centre for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology National University of SingaporeSingapore 117581Singapore

Textiles have proved to be very important materials to human beings since the time immemorial.And,fibers are the basic building units of these materials.In this perspective we substantiate the uniqueness and capability of nanofibers as active layers in face masks,to protect people against the novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19).This time-sensitive letter introduces the mechanisms based on which their active filters function,the uniqueness of electrospun nanofibers in face masks and do-it-yourself(DIY)steps to realize a fully functional face mask at home.

关键词： Electrospinning Nanofibers face masks COVID-19 Textiles

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Running with face masks or Respirators Can Be Detrimental to the Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems

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Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications 2021年第3期6卷 63-65页

作者： Yidan Wang Gary Tse Guoliang Li Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The First Affi liated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University277 Yanta West RoadXi’an710061 ShaanxiChina Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease Department of CardiologyTianjin Institute of CardiologySecond Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityChina

Since the fi rst cases of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coro-navirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)were reported at the end of 2019,this infection has spread around the globe,becoming a pandemic.The use of face masks and respirators is an important public health measure to reduce or prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2.Here we discuss the hypothetical mechanisms by which exercise with face masks or respirators can induce detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system,potentially explaining adverse events such as cardiac arrhythmias and spontaneous pneumothorax.Although sudden death associated with the wearing of a face mask during running is a rare event,the risk is higher especially in those with existing cardiac comorbidities.In such cases,a mask designed specifi cally for runners with no or few side effects of oxygen defi ciency should be considered instead.

关键词： COVID-19 Running face masks Respiratory system

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Nano-copper ions assembled cellulose-based composite with antibacterial activity for biodegradable personal protective mask

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2023年第10期17卷 1544-1554页

作者： Xinyi Shao Jian Wang Zetan Liu Na Hu Ruimin Zhang Cailin Quan Xinjie Yao Cuihua Dong College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science&TechnologyXi’an 710021China National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science&TechnologyXi’an 710021China State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking Qilu University of TechnologyShandong Academy of SciencesJinan 250353China

The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in the widespread use of personal protective equipment,particularly face masks.However,the use of commercial disposable face masks puts great pressure on the environment.In this study,nano-copper ions assembled cotton fabric used in face masks to impart antibacterial activity has been discussed.To produce the nanocomposite,the cotton fabric was modified by sodium chloroacetate after its mercerization,and assembled with bactericidal nano-copper ions(about 10.61 mg·g^(–1))through electrostatic adsorption.It demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli because the gaps between fibers in the cotton fabric allow the nano-copper ions to be fully released.Moreover,the antibacterial efficiency was maintained even after 50 washing cycles.Furthermore,the face mask constructed with this novel nanocomposite upper layer exhibited a high particle filtration efficiency(96.08%±0.91%)without compromising the air permeability(28.9 min·L^(–1)).This green,economical,facile,and scalable process of depositing nano-copper ions onto modified cotton fibric has great potential to reduce disease transmission,resource consumption,and environmental impact of waste,while also expanding the range of protective fabrics.

关键词： cellulose-based nanocomposite biodegradable antibacterial fabric nano-copper ions face masks

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Multi-layered micro/nanofibrous nonwovens for functional face mask filter

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Nano Research 2022年第8期15卷 7549-7558页

作者： Yuanqiang Xu Xiaomin Zhang Defang Teng Tienan Zhao Ying Li Yongchun Zeng College of Textiles Donghua UniversityShanghai 201620China

The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has led to an attention on the usage of personal protective face masks.However,the longevity and safety of the commercial face masks are limited due to the charge dissipation of the electret meltblown nonwovens,which are dominate in the face mask filters.Herein,we design a type of multi-layer structured nonwovens using meltblowing and electrospinning technologies.The complex nonwovens involving meltblown and electrospun fibers are designed to possess multilevel fiber diameters and pore sizes.The micro/nanofibers with porous and wrinkled surface morphologies can well capture particulate matters(PMs),and the multilevel pore sizes contribute to low air resistance under high filtration efficiency.Airflow field simulation was carried out to understand the pressure distribution within the nonwovens in the filtration process.Meanwhile,by adding Ag nanoparticles(AgNPs)as additives,the nonwovens exhibit excellent antibacterial performance.The resultant nonwovens exhibit filtration efficiency of 99.1%for PM0.3 and low pressure drop of 105 Pa under the 10.67 cm/s inlet air velocity,and antibacterial rate of>99.99%for Escherichia coli.These performances and functions make the designed complex nonwovens a promising filter core for face masks.

关键词： meltblowing electrospinning air filtration antibacterial face masks

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Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the ocular surface

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2022年第27期10卷 9619-9627页

作者： Ana Marta Joao Heitor Marques Daniel Almeida Diana José Paulo Sousa Irene Barbosa Department of Ophthalmology Centro Hospitalar Universitário do PortoPorto 4099-001Portugal

BACKGROUND There have been increased reports of dry eyes in the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic era.AIM To analyze the differences in tear film properties from pre-and post-pandemic of the COVID-19 era.METHODS It was a retrospective comparative study.Patients were divided into three groups according to the data of multimodal ocular surface evaluation:(1) Group 1 if it was before Portugal lockdown decision(from August 2019 to March 2020);(2) Group 2 if it was after Portugal lockdown decision but without mask mandate(from April 2020 to October 2020);and(3) Group 3 if it was after Portugal lockdown but with mask mandate in health public highway(from November 2020 to April 2021).The following variables were analyzed:Lipid layer thickness,blink rate,Schirmer test,tear meniscus height,tear osmolarity,non-invasive break-up time,and loss area of the meibomian glands.RESULTS The study included 548 eyes of 274 patients,aged 18 years to 89 years,with a mean age of 66.15 ± 13.40 years at the time of multimodal ocular surface evaluation.Compared to group 1:(1) Mean lipid layer thickness was better in group 2(P = 0.001) and group 3(P < 0.001);(2) Schirmer test was similar in group 2(P = 0.576) and better in group 3(P = 0.002);(3) Tear osmolarity and loss area of the meibomian glands were worse in group 2(P = 0.031 and P < 0.001,respectively) and in group 3(both with P < 0.001);(4) Blink rate and tear meniscus height were similar in group 2(P = 0.821 and P = 0.370,respectively) and worse in group 3(P < 0.001 and P = 0.038,respectively);and(5) Non-invasive break-up time was worse in group 2(P = 0.030) and similar in group 3(P = 0.263).CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that differences existed in tear film properties comparing data from the pre-and post-pandemic of the COVID-19 era.

关键词： Ocular surface Dry eye face masks Mask-associated dry eye COVID-19 pandemic

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An overview of filtration efficiency through the masks: Mechanisms of the aerosols penetration

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Bioactive Materials 2021年第1期6卷 106-122页

作者： A.Tcharkhtchi N.Abbasnezhad M.Zarbini Seydani N.Zirak S.Farzaneh M.Shirinbayan Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology CNAMPIMMHESAM UniversityF-75013ParisFrance Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology CNAMLIFSEHESAM UniversityF-75013ParisFrance P4Tech 23 Rue du 8 Mai 194594470Boissy Saint LegerFrance

The masks have always been mentioned as an effective tool against environmental threats.They are considered as protective equipment to preserve the respiratory system against the non-desirable air droplets and aerosols such as the viral or pollution particles.The aerosols can be pollution existence in the air,or the infectious airborne viruses initiated from the sneezing,coughing of the infected people.The filtration efficiency of the different masks against these aerosols are not the same,as the particles have different sizes,shapes,and properties.Therefore,the challenge is to fabricate the filtration masks with higher efficiency to decrease the penetration percentage at the nastiest conditions.To achieve this concept,knowledge about the mechanisms of the penetration of the aerosols through the masks at different effective environmental conditions is necessary.In this paper,the literature about the different kinds of face masks and respiratory masks,common cases of their application,and the advantages and disadvantages of them in this regard have been reviewed.Moreover,the related mechanisms of the penetration of the aerosols through the masks are discussed.The environmental conditions affecting the penetration as well as the quality of the fabrication are studied.Finally,special attention was given to the numerical simulation related to the different existing mechanisms.

关键词： face masks Virus Filtration efficiency Mechanisms Simulation

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The Impact of face Mask Inks and Dyes on the Environment and Human Health

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2022年第12期10卷 87-99页

作者： Abderrahim Lakhouit Wael S. Al-Rashed Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Tabuk Tabuk Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

To reduce the impact of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, popularly known as the Coronavirus, many public health-related rules have been established around the world. Along with social distancing and lockdowns, most countries have mandatory wearing of face masks in public areas to limit the spread of the virus during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, because people are free to choose any method to make their masks, some are being fabricated from materials that can be toxic to the environment and human health. This paper discusses how inks and dyes used in face masks are causing major environmental degradation and health issues in industry workers and the general mask-wearing public. The goal fixed for the present study is to raise the alarm with authorities and decision-makers regarding the toxic nature of some colors (dyes and inks) and fabrics in the masks being worn every day.

关键词： face masks COVID-19 Coronavirus Inks Dyes

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