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forcing in Christian Events: The Turin Shroud Case

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第9期14卷 2351-2359页

作者： Giovanni Fazio Marcello Leonello Francesca Riotto Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy Diocese of Oppido Mamertina-Palmi Palmi Italy

In its totality and complexity, the theme of forcing in Christian events is almost impossible to investigate. In fact, a lot of scholars and a very long time would be necessary to analyse the numerous events. Thus, we decided to investigate such events only in the study of the Shroud of Turin, an archaeological find known worldwide. The above topic is essential for Christianity. Furthermore, we must take into account that also among the followers of other religions, atheists and agnostics, there is a considerable interest. We think this is due to the unexpected characteristics that the Body Image, which appears on the Burial Linen of the Nazarene, shows. In this article, we would like to demonstrate that the practice of forcing is still in use. These actions, which are also present on the other side, in the non-Christian world, are the result of conflicts of religious interests. To confirm the presence of the Almighty is not necessarily the forcing. Finding a solution to these problems is not our job. However, we want to highlight them through scientific literature.

关键词： Shroud of Turin forcing Sindonology Aromas Pollens Radiative Hypothesis

LASG Global AGCM with a Two-moment Cloud Microphysics Scheme:Energy Balance and Cloud Radiative forcing Characteristics

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2019年第7期36卷 697-710页

作者： Lei WANG Qing BAO Wei-Chyung WANG Yimin LIU Guo-Xiong WU Linjiong ZHOU JiANDong LI Hua GONG Guokui NIAN Jinxiao LI Xiaocong WANG Bian HE State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China Atmospheric Sciences Research Center State University of New YorkAlbanyNew York12203USA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryPrincetonNJ08540-6649USA

Cloud dominates influence factors of atmospheric radiation, while aerosol–cloud interactions are of vital importance in its spatiotemporal distribution. In this study, a two-moment(mass and number) cloud microphysics scheme, which significantly improved the treatment of the coupled processes of aerosols and clouds, was incorporated into version 1.1 of the IAP/LASG global Finite-volume Atmospheric Model(FAMIL1.1). For illustrative purposes, the characteristics of the energy balance and cloud radiative forcing(CRF) in an AMIP-type simulation with prescribed aerosols were compared with those in observational/reanalysis data. Even within the constraints of the prescribed aerosol mass, the model simulated global mean energy balance at the top of the atmosphere(TOA) and at the Earth’s surface, as well as their seasonal variation, are in good agreement with the observational data. The maximum deviation terms lie in the surface downwelling longwave radiation and surface latent heat flux, which are 3.5 W m-2(1%) and 3 W m-2(3.5%), individually. The spatial correlations of the annual TOA net radiation flux and the net CRF between simulation and observation were around 0.97 and 0.90, respectively. A major weakness is that FAMIL1.1 predicts more liquid water content and less ice water content over most oceans. Detailed comparisons are presented for a number of regions, with a focus on the Asian monsoon region(AMR). The results indicate that FAMIL1.1 well reproduces the summer–winter contrast for both the geographical distribution of the longwave CRF and shortwave CRF over the AMR. Finally, the model bias and possible solutions, as well as further works to develop FAMIL1.1 are discussed.

关键词： two-moment cloud microphysics scheme aerosol–cloud interactions energy balance cloud radiative forcing Asian monsoon region

Formation of Well-Mixed Warm Water Column in Central Bohai Sea During Summer: Role of High-Frequency Atmospheric forcing

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2017年第6期16卷 945-952页

作者： MA Weiwei WAN Xiuquan WANG Zhankun LIU Yulong WAN Kai College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences Ocean University of China Qingdao 266100 P. R. China Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266100 P. R. China National Centers for Environmental Information NOAA Silver Spring MD 20910 USA Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA National Marine Data and Information Service Tianjin 300171 P. R. China Beihai Offshore Engineering Survey Institute SOA Qingdao 266061 P. R. China

The influence of high-frequency atmospheric forcing on the formation of a well-mixed summer warm water column in the central Bohai Sea is investigated comparing model simulations driven by daily surface forcing and those using monthly forcing data. In the absence of high-frequency atmospheric forcing, numerical simulations have repeatedly failed to reproduce this vertically uniform column of warm water measured over the past 35 years. However, high-frequency surface forcing is found to strongly influence the structure and distribution of the well-mixed warm water column, and simulations are in good agreement with observations. Results show that high frequency forcing enhances vertical mixing over the central bank, intensifies downward heat transport, and homogenizes the water column to form the Bohai central warm column. Evidence presented shows that high frequency forcing plays a dominant role in the formation of the well-mixed warm water column in summer, even without the effects of tidal and surface wave mixing. The present study thus provides a practical and rational way of further improving the performance of oceanic simulations in the Bohai Sea and can be used to adjust parameterization schemes of ocean models.

关键词： Bohai Sea warm water column numerical simulation, high frequency forcing

Responses of Mean and Extreme Precipitation to Different Climate forcing Under Radiative-Convective Equilibrium

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2020年第4期37卷 377-386,I0007-I0010页

作者： Chenyu MA Wei YUAN Ji NIE Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences School of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Aviation Meteorological Center Civil Aviation Administration of ChinaBeijing 100122China

Understanding the responses of mean and extreme precipitation to climate change is of great *** studies have mainly focused on the responses to prescribed sea surface warming or warming due to increases of *** study uses a cloud-resolving model under the idealization of radiative-convective equilibrium to examine the responses of mean and extreme precipitation to a variety of climate forcings,including changes in prescribed sea surface temperature,CO2,solar insolation,surface albedo,stratospheric volcanic aerosols,and several tropospheric *** different responses of mean precipitation are understood by examining the changes in the surface energy *** is found that the cancellation between shortwave scattering and longwave radiation leads to a small dependence of the mean precipitation response on *** responses of extreme precipitation are decomposed into three components(thermodynamic,dynamic,and precipitation efficiency).The thermodynamic components for all climate forcings are *** dynamic components and the precipitation-efficiency components,which have large spreads among the cases,are negatively correlated,leading to a small dependence of the extreme precipitation response on the forcings.

关键词： climate forcing mean precipitation extreme precipitation

Coastal sea level variability in the Bohai Bay: influence of atmospheric forcing and prediction

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2019年第2期37卷 486-497页

作者： Lü Xianqing WANG Daosheng YAN Bing YANG Hua Key Laboratory of Engineering Sediment of the Ministry of Transport / National Engineering Laboratory for Port Hydraulic Construction Technology Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering M.O.T. Tianjin 300456 China Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266100 China College of Marine Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China Shenzhen Research Institute China University of Geosciences Shenzhen 518057 China

The sea level variabilities, especially the atmosphere-driven sea level variabilities, which are diff erent in studies on diverse areas and timescales, need to be further documented in the Bohai Bay. Coastal sea level data and coincident meteorological data collected hourly at two observation stations (E1 and E2) in the Bohai Bay, which is a typical semi-enclosed coastal sea in China, are analyzed for the period from 19 August 2014 to 18 November 2014. The sub-sampled low-pass (forcing, including local wind and atmospheric pressure, can be predicted using the multivariable linear regression model.

关键词： coastal sea level atmospheric forcing Bohai Bay prediction

Seasonal characteristics and forcing mechanisms of the surface Kuroshio branch intrusion into the South China Sea

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2019年第1期38卷 13-21页

作者： Jingsong Guo Zhixin Zhang Changshui Xia Binghuo Guo Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling First Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural Resources Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling Pilot National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)

Using observational data of Argos satellite-tracked drifters from 1988 to 2012, we analyzed seasonal characteristics of the surface Kuroshio branch(KB) intrusion into the South China Sea(SCS). The analysis results are as *** surface KB originates from the southern Balintang Channel(BLTC) and Babuyan Channel(BBYC). It begins in late September, reaches peak strength in November–December, and declines at the end of March. The mean speed of drifters along the KB path during their traverse of the Luzon Strait(LS) was 43% faster than during the two days before entering the LS for the flow originating from the southern BLTC, but there was a 24% increase in speed for the flow from the BBYC. The observations show that in winter, monthly-mean sea-level anomalies(SLAs) were positive southwest of Taiwan Island and extended to the northern LS. The SLAs were negative northwest of Luzon Island and extended to the southern LS, which acted like a pump, forcing a part of Kuroshio water westward into the SCS. The condition under which the KB forms was solved by a set of simplified motion equations. The results indicate that whether the KB can form depends upon the sea-level gradient at the central LS and region to the west, as well as the location, speed and direction of Kuroshio surface water when it enters the LS.

关键词： surface Kuroshio branch Luzon Strait forcing mechanisms

A High-Resolution Modeling Study of the 19 June 2002 Convective Initiation Case during IHOP 2002:Localized forcing by Horizontal Convective Rolls

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2018年第10期35卷 1243-1253页

作者： Qi-Wei WANG Ming XUE Key Laboratory of Mesoscale Severe Weather and School of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023China Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms and School of Meteorology University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma 73072USA

The initiation processes of one of the initial convective cells near and on the east side of a dryline on 19 June 2002 during the IHOP 2002 field experiment in the central United States is analyzed in detail based on a high-resolution numerical simulation. Prominent horizontal convective rolls and associated near-surface moisture convergence bands [called roll convergence bands(RCBs) here] develop within the convective boundary layer(CBL) due to surface heating, in the hours leading to convective initiation(CI). The RCBs east of the dryline are advected toward the primary dryline convergence boundary(PDCB) by the southerly moist flow as the CBL deepens with time. Backward trajectories of air parcels forming the initial precipitating updraft of the convective cell are found to primarily originate at about 1–1.5 km above ground, within the upper portion of the shallower CBL earlier on. The representative air parcel is found to follow and stay on top of a surface RCB as the RCB moves toward the PDCB, but the RCB forcing alone is not enough to initiate convection. As this RCB gets close to the PDCB, it moves into a zone of mesoscale convergence and a deeper CBL that exhibits an upward moisture bulge associated with the PDCB. The combined upward forcing of the RCB and the mesoscale PDCB convergence quickly lifts the representative air parcel above its level of free convection to initiate convection. A conceptual model summarizing the CI processes is proposed.

关键词： convective initiation dryline localized forcing horizontal convective rolls

Effect of exogenous GA3 on flowering quality, endogenous hormones, and hormone-and flowering-associated gene expression in forcing-cultured tree peony（Paeonia suffruticosa）

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2019年第6期18卷 1295-1311页

作者： GUAN Yan-ren XUE Jing-qi XUE Yu-qian YANG Ruo-wen WANG Shun-li ZHANG Xiu-xin Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 P.R.China School of Landscape Architecture and Forestry Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao 266109 P.R.China

Gibberellins(GAs)promote flowering in the forcing-cultured tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa),however,the mechanism of regulating flowering is not fully *** this study,exogenous GA3 was applied to five-year-old Luoyang Hong plants to explore responses in terms of endogenous hormones,flowering quality,and the hormone-and flowering-associated gene *** GA3 application significantly promoted flower bud development and new branch growth,as well as improved flowering *** GA3 application also stimulated the synthesis of endogenous GA3 and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)but reduced abscisic acid(ABA)*** further elucidate the regulatory mechanism,eight genes for GA biosynthesis and signaling,including PsCPS,PsKS,PsGA3ox,PsGA2ox,PsGID1b,PsGID1c,PsDELLA,and PsGID2 were cloned for the first time,and sequence analysis was also *** results suggested that all the cloned genes have conserved structure as each homologous gene reported in the other *** trees constructed by the each cloned gene showed that the phylogenetic evolutionary relationship of *** was closely related to Vitis *** expression patterns of the above genes,and genes for ABA and IAA biosynthetic and signaling,and the flowering time were also *** of the above genes showed higher expression in the control buds than those in the GA3 treated buds at six developmental stages,whereas the expression levels of PsSOC1 and PsSPL9 were up-regulated by GA3 *** results also showed that the GA-biosynthetic and signaling pathways are conserved in tree peony,and the PsCPS,PsGA3ox,PsGA2ox,PsGID1,PsDELLA,and PsGID2 genes are necessary for feedback regulation of ***,hormone changes promoted PsSOC1 and PsSPL9 expression,and repressed PsSVP expression,which contributed to the improvement flowering quality in tree peony of forcing culture.

关键词： tree peony forcing culture hormones gibberellic acid GA biosynthesis and signaling flowering quality

Development and Evaluation of Hourly and Kilometer Resolution Retrospective and Real-Time Surface Meteorological Blended forcing Dataset(SMBFD) in China

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2019年第6期33卷 1168-1181页

作者： Shuai HAN Chunxiang SHI Bin XU Shuai SUN Tao ZHANG Lipeng JIANG Xiao LIANG National Meteorological Information Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081

A real-time,long-term surface meteorological blended forcing dataset(SMBFD)has been developed based on station observations,satellite retrievals,and reanalysis products in *** observations are collected at national and regional automatic weather stations,satellite data are obtained from the Fengyun(FY)series satellites retrievals,and the reanalysis products are obtained from the *** 90-m resolution digital terrain elevation data in China are obtained from the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission(SRTM)for temperature and humidity elevation *** dataset includes 2-m air temperature and humidity,10-m zonal and meridional winds,downward shortwave radiation,surface pressure,and *** spatial resolution is 1 km,and the temporal resolution is 1 *** the data processing procedure,various data fusion techniques including the space–time multiscale variational analysis,the discrete ordinates radiative transfer(DISORT)model,the hybrid radiation estimation model,and a terrain correction algorithm are *** and independent evaluations of the dataset are performed against *** SMBFD dataset is also compared with similar datasets produced in other major meteorological operational centers in the *** results are as follows.(1)All variables show reasonable geographic distribution features and realistic spatial and temporal variations.(2)Dependent and independent evaluations both indicate that the gridded SMBFD dataset is close to the observations,while the dependent evaluation yields better results than the independent evaluation.(3)Compared with similar datasets produced in other meteorological operational centers,the real-time and retrospective surface meteorological fusion data obviously have higher *** dataset introduced in the present study is in general stable and accurate,and can be applied in various practice such as meteorology,agriculture,ecology,environmental protection,***,this dataset has

关键词： surface meteorological forcing gridded real-time data fusion hourly temporal resolution 1-km spatial resolution dataset