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fat:A matter of disturbance for the immune system

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第38期16卷 476-4772页

作者： Alessandro Federico Elena D’Aiuto Francesco Borriello Giusi Barra Antonietta Gerarda Gravina Marco Romano Raffaele De Palma Section of Gastroenterology Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSecond University of Naples Section of Clinical Immunology Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Second University of Naples

Obesity is increasingly being recognized as a risk factor for a number of benign and malignant gastrointestinal conditions. However, literature on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is sparse and ambiguous. There is compelling evidence that both overnutrition and undernutrition negatively interfere with the immune system. Overnutrition has been found to increase susceptibility to the development of inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer. In the regulation of immune and in? ammatory processes, white adipose tissue plays a critical role, not only as an energy store but also as an important endocrine organ. The obese state is characterised by a low-grade systemic in? ammation, mainly as a result of increased adipocytes as well as fat resident-and recruited-macrophage activity. In the past few years, various products of adipose tissue including adipokines and cytokines have been characterised and a number of pathways linking adipose tissue metabolism with the immune system have been identified. Activation of the innate immune system plays a major role in hepatic steatosis. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease includes a wide spectrum of diseases, from pure steatosis to non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis in the absence of signif icant alcohol consumption. Although steatosis is considered a non-progressive disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis may deteriorate in advanced chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. An important parallel between obesityrelated pathology of adipose tissue and liver pertains to the emerging role of macrophages, and growing evidence suggests that Kupffer cells critically contribute to progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Moreover, a close link between specif ic immune activation and atherosclerosis has been well established, suggesting that fat can directly trigger immune responses. This review discusses the role of fat as "a matter of disturbance for the immune system" with a focus on hepat

关键词： Adipocytokine Adipose tissue fat Immune system Kupffer cell Natural killer Steatosis

Surplus dietary isoleucine intake enhanced monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis and fat accumulation in skeletal muscle of finishing pigs

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2019年第1期10卷 92-102页

作者： Yanhong Luo Xin Zhang Zhengpeng Zhu Ning Jiao Kai Qiu Jingdong Yin State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition College of Animal Science & TechnologyChina Agricultural University Technology Research and Development Department New Hope Liuhe Co.Ltd

Background: Isoleucine(Ile) has been implicated in the regulation of energy homeostasis and ***,the impact of surplus dietary Ile intake on muscle lipogenesis remains *** present study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary supplementation of extra-Ile on lipogenesis,fatty acid profile and lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle in finishing ***: Forty-eight barrows with initial body weight of 77.0 ± 0.1 kg were allotted to one of two groups and fed diets containing 0.39%,0.53% standardized ileal digestible(SID) Ile with six replicates per treatment and four pigs per replicate for 30 ***: Dietary Ile intake significantly improved the intramuscular fat(IMF) content and monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA) concentration in the skeletal muscle(P 0.05).Moreover,the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase α(AMPKα) and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase(ACC) proteins that monitor lipid metabolism were decreased in skeletal muscle of pigs offered extra-Ile diet(P fatty acid synthase(FAS),and stearoyl-CoA desaturase(SCD) were upregulated and the activity of SCD was increased as well(P < 0.05).Conclusions: Surplus dietary Ile intake could increase IMF accumulation and MUFA synthesis in skeletal muscle through depressing the phosphorylation of AMPKα-ACC and stimulating the expression and activity of SCD,and increasing the capability of lipogenesis in skeletal muscle.

关键词： fatty acids synthesis Intramuscular fat Isoleucine Monounsaturated fatty acids Pigs Skeletal muscle

Dietary fat supplementation relieves cold temperature-induced energy stress through AMPK-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis in pigs

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2024年第4期15卷 1669-1687页

作者： Wei He Xinyu Liu Ye Feng Hongwei Ding Haoyang Sun Zhongyu Li Baoming Shi College of Animal Science and Technology Northeast Agricultural University600 Changjiang StreetHarbin 150030PR China

Background Cold stress has negative effects on the growth and health of mammals, and has become a factor restricting livestock development at high latitudes and on plateaus. The gut-liver axis is central to energy metabolism, and the mechanisms by which it regulates host energy metabolism at cold temperatures have rarely been illustrated. In this study, we evaluated the status of glycolipid metabolism and oxidative stress in pigs based on the gut-liver axis and propose that AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK) is a key target for alleviating energy stress at cold temperatures by dietary fat *** Dietary fat supplementation alleviated the negative effects of cold temperatures on growth performance and digestive enzymes, while hormonal homeostasis was also restored. Moreover, cold temperature exposure increased glucose transport in the jejunum. In contrast, we observed abnormalities in lipid metabolism, which was characterized by the accumulation of bile acids in the ileum and plasma. In addition, the results of the ileal metabolomic analysis were consistent with the energy metabolism measurements in the jejunum, and dietary fat supplementation increased the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and lipid metabolism. As the central nexus of energy metabolism, the state of glycolipid metabolism and oxidative stress in the liver are inconsistent with that in the small intestine. Specifically, we found that cold temperature exposure increased glucose transport in the liver, which fully validates the idea that hormones can act on the liver to regulate glucose output. Additionally, dietary fat supplementation inhibited glucose transport and glycolysis, but increased gluconeogenesis, bile acid cycling, and lipid metabolism. Sustained activation of AMPK, which an energy receptor and regulator, leads to oxidative stress and apoptosis in the liver;dietary fat supplementation alleviates energy stress by reducing AMPK *** Cold s

关键词： Apoptosis Cold temperature Energy stress fat Glucolipid metabolism Mitochondrial homeostasis

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans accurately predict differing body fat content in live sheep

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2019年第1期10卷 248-253页

作者： David W Miller Ellen J Bennett Joanne L Harrison Fiona Anderson Clare L Adam School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC) Peter Wilson Building The Faculty of Health University of Tasmania School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health University of Aberdeen

Background: There is considerable interest in implementing mobile scanning technology for on-farm body composition analysis on live *** experiments evaluated the use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA) as an accurate method of total body fat measurement in live ***: In Exp.1,visceral and whole body fat analysis was undertaken in sheep with body condition scores(BCS)in the range 2 to 3.25(scale 1: thin to 5: fat).The relationship of BCS was moderately correlated with visceral fat depot mass(r = 0.59,P fat(r = 0.70,P fat(r = 0.42,P fat(r = 0.17,P > 0.05,n = 9).There was a moderate correlation between DXA body fat and BCS(r = 0.70,P fat was highly correlated with chemical body fat(r = 0.81,P fat(%) ranged from 16.8 ± 0.8 to 24.2 ± *** was a moderate correlation between DXA body fat and BCS over the 32 weeks(r = 0.61,P fat in sheep,and that DXA scanning is a valid method for longitudinal measurement of total body fat in live sheep.

关键词： BCS DEXA fat Leptin Longitudinal Sheep

Association between High fat-low Carbohydrate Diet Score and Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Population

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2012年第4期25卷 373-382页

作者： HE Yu Na FESKENS EJ LI Yan Ping ZHANG Jian FU Ping MA Guan Sheng YANG Xiao Guang National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 100050China Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen Universitythe Netherlands

Objective To study the association between high fat-low carbohydrate diet score and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Chinese population. Methods Data about 20 717 subjects aged 45-59 years from the cross-sectional 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were analyzed. High fat-low carbohydrate diet was scored according to the energy of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Results Of the 20 717 subjects, 1 332 were diagnosed with hyperglycemia and 662 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Multivariate adjusted analysis showed that the highest score of type 2 diabetes patients was 2.75 （95% CI： 2.09-3.61）. The score of type 2 diabetes patients was 1.87 （95% CI： 1.35-2.58） after further adjustment for their socioeconomic status and physical activity. No significant difference was found in the odds ratio after further adjustment for BMI, blood pressure, lipid level, and energy intake. No evidence was observed for the relation between high fat-low carbohydrate-diet score in type 2 diabetes patients due to high family income, less education, physical activity, overweight, hypertension, high TG, or low HDL level. Conclusion High fat-low carbohydrate diets, far different from traditional Chinese diets, are associated with the high incidence of type 2 diabetes in Chinese population.

关键词： Diabetes fat Carbohydrate Diet score Chinese population

Linoleic acid metabolic pathway allows for an efficient increase of intramuscular fat content in pigs

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2019年第3期10卷 759-767页

作者： Sofia Gol Rayner Gonzalez-Prendes Lluis Bosch Marc Tor Josep Reixach Ramona N.Pena Joan Estany Department of Animal Science Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center191 Rovira Roure25198 LleidaCataloniaSpain Department of Chemical Agricultural and Food Technology EngineeringUniversitat de GironaCampus de Montilivi17071 GironaCataloniaSpain Seleccion Batalle S.A. Av.Segadors s/n17421 RiudarenesCataloniaSpain

Background: Intramuscular fat(IMF) content is a relevant trait for high-quality meat products such as dry-cured ham,but increasing IMF has the undesirable correlated effect of decreasing lean ***,there is a need to find selection criteria for IMF independent from lean *** pigs,the proportion of linoleic(C18:2) and arachidonic(C20:4) acids decline with fat deposition and therefore they can be considered as indicators of *** aim of this research was to estimate the genetic variation for C18:2 and C20:4 in IMF and their genetic correlations with IMF and lean growth traits,with the objective to assess their potential as specific biomarkers of *** analysis was conducted using a full-pedigreed Duroc resource line with 91,448 records of body weight and backfat thickness(BT) at 180 days of age and 1371 records of fatty acid composition in the muscle gluteus ***: The heritability estimates for C18:2 and C20:4 in IMF,whether expressed in absolute(mg/g of muscle) or in relative(mg/g of fatty acid) terms,as well as for their ratio(C20:4/C18:2),were high(> 0.40),revealing that the C18:2 to C20:4 pathway is subjected to substantial genetic *** effects were not negligible,with values ranging from8% to 15% of the phenotypic *** genetic correlations of C18:2 and C20:4 with IMF and BT were negative(-0.75 to-0.66,for IMF,and-0.64 to-0.36,for BT),if expressed in relative values,but almost null(-0.04 to 0.07),if expressed in absolute values,except for C18:2 with IMF,which was highly positive(0.88).The ratio of C20:4 to C18:2 also displayed a stronger genetic correlation with IMF(-0.59) than with BT(-0.10).Conclusions: The amount of C18:2 in muscle can be used as an IMF-specific *** for the absolute amount of C18:2 is expected to deliver a similar response outcome as selection for IMF at restrained *** genetic analysis of the C18:2 metabolic pathway may provide new insights into differential fat deposition

关键词： Arachidonic Genetic parameters Intramuscular fat Linoleic Meat quality Swine

Performance and plasma concentration of metabolites in transition dairy cows supplemented with vitamin E and fat

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2016年第5期15卷 1076-1084页

作者： Rohollah Amirifard Mohammad Khorvash Masiholla Forouzmand Hamid-Reza Rahmani Ahmad Riasi Mohammad Malekkhahi Mojtaba Yari Morteza Hosseini-Ghaffari Department of Animal Science College of Agriculture Isfahan University of Technology Department of Animal Science College of Agriculture Yasouj University Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Department of Animal Science College of Agriculture Malayer University

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of vitamin E（VE; 1 500 or 3 000 international units（IU） d^（-1）） and fat（2% of dry matter calcium salt of soybean oil） supplementation during the transition period on feed intake, milk yield and composition and blood metabolites of dairy cows. 48 multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned into one of four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of vitamin E and supplemental dietary fat during the transition period. Treatments were： 1） 1 500 IU d^（-1） vitamin E without fat supplementation（1 500VE-F）; 2） 1 500 IU d^（-1） vitamin E with fat supplement（1 500VE＋F）; 3） 3 000 IU d^（-1） vitamin E without fat supplementation（3 000VE-F）; and 4） 3 000 IU d^（-1） vitamin E with fat supplement（3 000VE＋F）. Dietary treatments were initiated at approximately 28 d before expected calving dates and continued through 28 d postpartum. Dry matter intake（DMI） was unaffected（P〉0.05） by prepartum treatment. Regardless of vitamin E supplementation, DMI was greater（P〈0.01） in fat-supplemented cows compared with un-supplemented cows（19.60 vs. 18.45 kg d^（-1）; SEM=0.42） during the postpartum period. Energy balance and body weight were not affected（P〉0.05） by treatments. Postpartum diets had no significant effect on milk yield or milk composition. Plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids, glucose, and insulin were not affected（P〉0.05） by treatments. Regardless of vitamin E supplementation, plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration was greater（P〈0.05） in fat-supplemented cows compared with un-supplemented cows during the postpartum period. These results showed no indication of positive effects on lactation performance associated with vitamin E and dietary fat supplement in transition cows.

关键词： transition cow vitamin E fat milk production blood metabolites

Effects of dietary fiber content and different fiber-rich ingredients on endogenous loss of fat and fatty acids in growing pigs

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2019年第3期10卷 745-758页

作者： Yifan Chen Zhenyu Wang Jian Ding Dongxu Ming Wenhui Wang Zhaoning Jiang Ling Liu Fenglai Wang State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition China Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing 100193China National Animal Husbandry Service Building No.20Maizidian streetChaoyang DistrictBeijing 100125China

Background: Determination of the endogenous loss of fat(ELF) is used to adjust for the estimation of true total tract digestibility(TTTD) of fat in diets and *** factor which affected ELF may further affect the digestibility of fat,including sources and concentrations of fat and fiber in the *** are some reports of determining the ELF using regression methods based on different levels of fat intake,while reports on effects of dietary fiber content and different fiber-rich ingredients in pig diets on ELF are very ***,the objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary fiber content and different fiber-rich ingredients on endogenous losses of fat and fatty acids at the end of ileum and throughout the entire intestinal tract in growing ***: In Exp.1,the effect of fiber content on endogenous loss of fat was determined using six growing pigs(Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire;27.6 ± 2.4 kg),fitted with a T-cannula at the end of *** experimental design was a 6 × 6 complete Latin square design with six periods of feeding and six *** six experimental fat-free diets were formulated to include graded levels of neutral detergent fiber(NDF)(0,40,80,120,160 and 200 g/kg) and soybean hull(SH) was the only fiber source,providing 0,75,150,225,300 and 375 g/kg,*** oxide was included at4 g/kg in all diets as an indigestible *** Exp.2,six crossbred growing barrows(27.6 ± 1.6 kg) were used and the experimental design was the same as for *** six fat-free diets were formulated to include six common fiber-rich ingredients and the concentration of NDF was 100 g/*** six fiber-rich ingredients were defatted rice bran(DRB),sugar beet pulp(SBP),rice hull(RH),corn germ meal(CGM),SH and wheat bran(WB) and they were fed at represented250,270,145,250,170 and 280 g/kg in the diet,***: In Exp.1,the endogenous loss of fatty acids profile did not change as dietary NDF increased in growing p

关键词： Endogenous loss fat fatty acids Fiber content Fiber-rich ingredients Growing pigs

BMP4 facilitates beige fat biogenesis via regulating adipose tissue macrophages

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Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 2019年第1期11卷 14-25页

作者： Shu-Wen Qian Meng-Yuan Wu Yi-Na Wang Ya-Xin Zhao Ying Zou Jia-Bao Pan Yan Tang Yang Liu Liang Guo Qi-Qun Tang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine The Ministry of EducationDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghai 200032China

Thermogenic beige fat improves metabolism and prevents *** evidence shows that the activation of M2 macrophages stimulates beige adipogenesis,whereas the activation of Ml macrophages,which play a major role in inflammation,impedes beige ***,the identification of factors that regulate adipose tissue macrophages(ATMs)will help clarify the mechanism involved in ***,we found that one of the secreted proteins in adipose tissue,namely,BMP4,alters the ATM profile in subcutaneous adipose tissue by activating M2 and inhibiting Ml ***,the BMP4-stimutated p38/MAPK/STAT6/PI3K-AKT signalling pathway is ***,BMP4 improved the potency of M2 macrophages to induce beige fat *** that the overexpression of BMP4 in adipose tissue promotes the beiging of subcutaneous adipose tissue and improves insulin sensitivity,these findings provide evidence that BMP4 acts as an activator of beige fat by targeting immuno-metabolic pathways.

关键词： BMP4 fat browning adipose tissue macrophages