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Climate change: Impact of increased ultraviolet radiation and water changes on eye health

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Health 2013年第5期5卷 921-930页

作者： Jyoti Jaggernath Dominic Haslam Kovin S. Naidoo African Vision Research Institute Durban South Africa African Vision Research Institute Durban South Africa Sightsavers London UK

Global climate change, a significant addition to the spectrum of environmental health threats, is projected to have widespread adverse effects on the earth over a multi-decadal time period. Consequently the planet’s geological, biological and ecological systems, including human biology and health are expected to be altered. These effects are set to include an increase in adverse climate and weather events. The developing world carries a disproportionate burden of health implications that result from extreme climate and weather events, largely because they have limited capacity to respond to the cumulative impacts resulting from climate change. The developed world, however, is not immune to the impacts of climate change despite being highly industrialised and well serviced. In addition, there are a range of documented health impacts associated with climatic factors and a growing number of papers theorising how long-term climate change could impact on health. This article examines literature on the impact of climate change, specifically ultraviolet and water changes on eye health. Geographic and environmental factors that influence eye health, such as location and the spread of blindness causing diseases such as trachoma (bacterial infection of the eye) and onchocerciasis (parasitic disease in the eye) are also examined. The article aims to provide valuable information on the impacts of ultraviolet and water changes that are related to climate change and to propose recommendations that contribute to public health.

关键词： Climate Change Environment eye Diseases Ultraviolet Radiation Water Diseases Human Exposure

New antioxidant SkQ1 is an effective protector of rat eye retinal pigment epithelium and choroid under conditions of long-term organotypic cultivation

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Advances in Aging Research 2012年第2期1卷 31-37页

作者： E. N. Grigoryan Y. P. Novikova O. S. Gancharova O.V. Kilina P. P. Philippov Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia Institute of Mitoengineering Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia Kol’tsov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia

Cells have intrinsic mechanisms for cleaning harmful oxidants represented mainly by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite the antioxidant defense, ROS can cause serious damage to the retina that with age leads to various eye diseases and even blindness. Among numerous cell sites of ROS generation, mitochondrial electron transport is of crucial importance. Recently, for the purpose of cleaning ROS in the mitochondrial matrix, powerful mitochondria- targeted antioxidant “SkQ1” has been invented. We studied SkQ1 effects upon tissues of rat posterior eye cup that consisted: retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) ? choroidal coat ? scleral coat. The eye cups were isolated from the eyes of adult albino rats and cultivated in rotary tissue culture system in the presence of 20 nM SkQ1 or without this compound. After 7 days - 1 month in vitro eye cup samples were studied by immunohistochemistry, routine histology, morphometry, and digital image analysis. We have found that under chosen, “in vitro like in vivo” conditions 20 nM SkQ1 effectively reduced cell death in RPE and choroid, protected RPE from disintegration caused by cell phenotypic transformation and withdrawal from the layer, suppressed transmigration of choroidal coat cells. In the ex vivo model we used degenerative processes were more pronounced in the eye cup center where SkQ1 effect was most vivid. All this give us hopes for effectiveness of SkQ1 treatment of retinal central part that is very susceptible to light-induced over-oxidation injury and mostly suffering in many age-related diseases, AMD, in particular.

关键词： Rat eye Retinal Pigment Epithelium Choroid Organotypic Culturing in Vitro AMD Remodeling Antioxidant SkQ1 Cell Behavior Cell Death

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Dry eye among Glaucoma Patients at KCMC eye Department

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Open Journal of Ophthalmology 2020年第2期10卷 154-163页

作者： Mário J. Monjane William Makupa Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCO) Moshi Tanzania Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center Hospital Moshi Tanzania Department of Ophthalmology Moshi Tanzania

Propose: Dry eye is a common disease among glaucoma patient undergoing on topical medication for lowering intraocular pressure. In this study we determine the prevalence and risk factors of dry eye among glaucoma patients. Methodology: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC), Ophthalmology Department, over a period of 8 months, from October 2018 to June of 2019. Purposive sampling technique was used, and patients with POAG aged 18 years and above were consecutively selected. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected. The main outcome variable was dry eye. The data were summarized using SPSS version 23 and analyzed using the STATA software version 13. Results: A total of 325 patients were enrolled into the study;56.6% were male and 43.4% were female. The mean age was 66.1 years (SD11.7). We found that the prevalence of dry eye using OSDI questionnaire was 79.7%;among them evaporative dry eye was found in 36.9% and aqueous deficiency in 43.4%;87.1% had abnormal TBUT;abnormal ocular surface staining was found in 64.3%;Schirmer test was abnormal in 43.4% and 36.9% had meibomian gland dysfunction. The severity of dry eyes among those using OSDI questionnaire is: mild 22.1%, moderate 16.0% and severe 61.9%. Factors such as use of two or more medication (AOR = 2.55, 95% CI: 1.89 - 3.36), 2 - 5 years of medication (AOR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.35 - 1.88) were associated with dry eye in patients with glaucoma at KCMC. Conclusion: Dry eye is highly prevalent in glaucoma patients in our setting, and showed also the high prevalence of signs and symptoms. The use of timolol combined with other medication in our study was shown to be a strong predictor of having dry eye. To be exposed to two or more medication is strongly predictors of having dry eye.

关键词： Dry eye Glaucoma

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Patients with Diabetes Regarding eye Care: A Cross Sectional Study

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Open Journal of Ophthalmology 2016年第2期6卷 94-102页

作者： Eberechukwu Ogbeanu Achigbu Reginald Nnamdi Oputa Kingsley Ihedioha Achigbu Ikenna Ugochukwu Ahuche Department of Ophthalmology Federal Medical Centre Owerri Nigeria Department of Medicine Federal Medical Centre Owerri Nigeria Department of Paediatrics Federal Medical Centre Owerri Nigeria

Introduction: The non-communicable eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy have become significant threats to vision and require lifelong management. The development of ocular complications of diabetes has been associated with longstanding and/or poorly controlled disease. Early detection and prevention are keys to reduce this scourge, but this largely depends on the existing knowledge. Objective: This study is aimed at determining the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding eye care among patients living with diabetes with a view to making recommendations for a multidisciplinary patient-centered approach to ophthalmic care. Methods: One hundred and three respondents were interviewed using a structured questionnaire in a cross sectional study carried out in the Endocrinology Clinic of Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Results: There was a female preponderance with a male to female ratio of 1:1.3. Of these respondents, 68.9% had been diabetic for 5 years or less;56.4% could define diabetes;but only 40.77% could mention some ocular complications of diabetes. Only 31.1% had had their eyes examined;the rest had not been to an eye clinic due to lack of funds, time, no ocular problems and not having been referred to an eye doctor. This attitude and practice were not significantly associated with age, sex, occupation or duration of illness. Conclusion: Though more than half of the respondents could define diabetes, there is still a poor knowledge of the ocular complications of diabetes and a poor attitude and practice regarding eye care among these patients. An interdisciplinary patient-centred approach to the management of diabetic eye diseases is recommended so as to reduce the burden of visual impairment from diabetes.

关键词： Diabetes Knowledge Impact eye Management

FEM Approach for Transient Heat Transfer in Human eye

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Applied Mathematics 2013年第10期4卷 30-36页

作者： Gokul K. C. Dil Bahadur Gurung Pushpa Raj Adhikary Department of Natural Sciences (Mathematics) School of Science Kathmandu University Kavre Nepal

In this paper, a bio-heat transfer model of temperature distribution in human eye is discussed using appropriate boundary conditions for cornea and sclera. Variational finite element method with Crank-Nicolson scheme is used to calculate the transient temperature distribution in normal human eye. The temperature with and without the effect of blood perfusion and metabolism on retina is simulated and compared for various ambient temperatures, evaporation rates and lens thermal conductivities. The obtained results are compared with experimental results and past results found in literatures. The results show that the steady state corneal temperature is achieved in around 31 and 45 minute of exposure at ambient temperatures 10℃ and 50℃ respectively. Steady state eye temperature is achieved earlier at higher evaporation rate. Similar result is achieved for higher lens thermal conductivity and also for lower ambient temperature.

关键词： Human eye Bio-Heat Transfer FEM Numerical Simulations

A Study on Visual Search during the Trail Making Test: Analysis Using an eye Tracker

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Neuroscience & Medicine 2018年第3期9卷 116-122页

作者： Daisuke Kimura Taro Ohtoshi Hiroki Bizen Aiko Imai Masako Notoya Kazumasa Yamada Department of Occupational Therapy Faculty of Health Sciences Kansai University of Health Sciences Osaka Japan Faculty of Care and Rehabilitation Seijoh University Tōkai Japan Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences and Disorders Kyoto Gakuen University Kyoto Japan

The Trail Making Test A (TMT-A) is a task related to visual search. Therefore, performance in the TMT-A has a high possibility of being influenced by visual information, such as the arrangement of numbers. The purpose of this study was to measure eye movements during the TMT-A using an eye tracker, to analyze differences in enforcement and trace execution, and to examine appropriate inspection drawings as visual search tasks. Study 1 was performed in 14 young healthy subjects and Study 2 was performed in 6 young healthy subjects. The English and Japanese versions of the TMT-A were administered as usual and the subjects performed the traces in a sitting position. The eye movements of the subjects were measured during the task. We analyzed the combined motion angles of both eyes. We compared the average values (30 Hz/s) of movement in the horizontal (X-axis) and vertical (Y-axis) directions during the normal administration of the English and Japanese version of the TMT-A. We also compared the traces performed by the subjects. There were no differences in tracing or enforcement in the English version of the TMT-A. Especially in the vertical visualization operation, it was shown that the normal enforcement was fewer than the tracing, and almost no up-to-down search was performed. In contrast, the subjects performed visual searches in all directions during the Japanese version of the TMT-A.

关键词： Trail Making Test eye Tracker Attention

eye Movements Provide Inhibitory Inputs to the Occipito-Temporal Region

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Open Journal of Medical Imaging 2012年第3期2卷 85-89页

作者： Yul-Wan Sung Hiroshi Tsubokawa Young-Bo Kim Seiji Ogawa Graduate School of Human Relations Keio University Incheon Korea Kansei Fukushi Research Institute Tohoku Fukushi University Sendai Japan

eye movements play an important role in attention and visual processing. However, the manner in which eye move-ments are involved in object processing is not clear. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of eye movements on object-processing areas in the occipito-temporal region. eye movements are always accompanied by visual perception;therefore, the effects of eye movements on object-processing areas in which visual object information is sent via eye movements instead of via retinal inputs of visual images must be measured. For this purpose, response to an eye- drawing stimulation in subjects who drew pictures of faces or buildings by their moving eyes under closed-eye condi-tions was measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Functional areas in the occipito-temporal region showed negative responses to the eye-drawing stimulation, and the pattern of negative activation maps in the region was almost the same as that of positive activation maps observed after visual image stimulation. Responses in cate-gory-selective area showed category dependency to the eye-drawing stimulation. This suggests that eye movements provide inhibitory inputs to the object-processing areas in the occipito-temporal region, and these inputs may modulate visual inputs to these areas coming through the retina in the visual perception process.

关键词： eye Movements Visual Object Processing Occipito-Temporal Region Inhibitory Functional MRI (fMRI)

Mean Threshold and ARNN Algorithms for Identification of eye Commands in an EEG-Controlled Wheelchair

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Engineering（科研） 2013年第10期5卷 284-291页

作者： Nguyen Thanh Hai Nguyen Van Trung Vo Van Toi Biomedical Engineering Department International University Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam Faculty of Electrical-Electronics Engineering University of Technical Education Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam

This paper represented Autoregressive Neural Network (ARNN) and meant threshold methods for recognizing eye movements for control of an electrical wheelchair using EEG technology. The eye movements such as eyes open, eyes blinks, glancing left and glancing right related to a few areas of human brain were investigated. A Hamming low pass filter was applied to remove noise and artifacts of the eye signals and to extract the frequency range of the measured signals. An autoregressive model was employed to produce coefficients containing features of the EEG eye signals. The coefficients obtained were inserted the input layer of a neural network model to classify the eye activities. In addition, a mean threshold algorithm was employed for classifying eye movements. Two methods were compared to find the better one for applying in the wheelchair control to follow users to reach the desired direction. Experimental results of controlling the wheelchair in the indoor environment illustrated the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.

关键词： Autoregressive NN Model Threshold algorithm EEG Technology eye Activity and Electrical Wheelchair

Neurocode-Tracking Based on Quantitative Fast Dynamic EEG Recording in Combination with eye-Tracking

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2014年第2期4卷 106-119页

作者： Wilfried Dimpfel Hans Carlos Hofmann HCH System-Programmierung Asslar-Berghausen Germany Justus-Liebig-University Giessen c/o NeuroCode AG Wetzlar Germany

Information processing within the brain relies on electro-chemical features. Electric events are accessible by recording of the EEG. These electric oscillations might be regarded as a neuronal code carrying information on important motor, cognitive and emotional events. A new approach of quantitative assessment of very short time epochs of 364 ms has been developed on the base of particularly defined frequency ranges and called “Neurocode-Tracking”. The new method was technically validated by the use of a signal generator and was found to correspond to classical quantitative EEG analysis except for some smudging during the transition from one frequency range to the next. Real data from a subject were obtained during relaxation and performance of three mental tasks. Data were time averaged for 180 s using the classical method and compared to data averaging during 16.4 s. Results were nearly identical with respect to spectral signatures showing the expected midline frontal theta increases during performance of three cognitive tests but not during relaxation. Collection of very short time epochs of 728 ms duration confirmed task dependent frontal theta increases, most prominent during calculation performance test (CPT), less during d2-concentration and memory test, none during relaxation. Finally, the new technique was combined with eye-tracking. Capture of the EEG mapping video of Neurocode-Tracking and synchronization with the gaze overlay video by starting recording with an audio signal (gong) allowed a match of gazes precisely with the corresponding electric events. Use of this technical combination in research will hopefully lead to a new understanding of spectral signatures of electric activity called enkephaloglyphs.

关键词： Neurocode Tracking eye Tracking Quantitative EEG Attention