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Functional Microvascular Anatomy of the Horse eye: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Corrosion Casts

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2014年第5期4卷 91-101页

作者： Hiroyoshi Ninomiya Tomo Inomata Department of Laboratory Animal Science Azabu University Sagamihara Japan Yamazaki Gakuen University Tokyo Japan

Objective: This study presents the microvasculature of the horse iris, ciliary process, retina, and choroid and discusses the functional significance of the vasculature. Procedure: Seven horses were used for this study. The ocular vascular system was injected with methylmethacrylate resin via the carotid artery, and the vascular corrosion casts were observed using a scanning electron microscope. Results: The iridial vessels showed a wavy course. The ciliary process was supplied by 2 arterial routes: the iridial and ciliary arterial circles. The subjects displayed a paurangiotic retina with retinal vessels extending only a short distance around the disc. The retinal arterioles and venules ran in closely related pairs, and the capillaries formed hairpin loops. No central retinal artery was seen in the equine eyes examined. The choriocapillaris in the avascular retina was arranged in honeycomb hexagon lobules and formed a more densely packed network than that in the vascular retina. There were 2 distinct venous drainage systems in the horse choroid: the vortex veins and the posterior ciliary veins. The vortex vein ampulla was flattened and showed a slit-like lumen at the merge site with the ophthalmic vein. The vortex veins demonstrated a marked constriction before leaving the eye. Discussion: The 2 choroidal drainage systems may compensate each other in event of occlusion. The ampulla and the constriction in the vortex veins may act as a valve regulating the blood flow to keep the eye at an optimum size and the intraocular pressure within the normal physiological range.

关键词： Corrosion Cast eye Horse Microvasculature Scanning Electron Microscopy

Gender Differences in Rapid eye Movement-Related Sleep Disordered Breathing

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Health 2015年第1期7卷 106-111页

作者： Minjung Youn Joo Young Kwon Kyu Sun Lee Jung Hyun Park Hyang Woon Lee Department of Neurology Ewha Womans University School of Medicine and Ewha Medical Research Institute Seoul Korea Department of Neurology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It is known to be associated more frequently with men than women, particularly in the premenopausal age range. The goal of this study is to evaluate gender differences among Korean patients diagnosed with SBD. This study included 309 patients who visited our Sleep Clinic due to sleep-related symptoms and were diagnosed with SDB by overnight polysomnography (PSG). We analyzed age, gender, body mass index, various PSG indices including sleep stages, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and AHI ratio in rapid eye movement (REM) versus non-REM (NREM) sleep stages (R:N ratio). Of those 309 patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea, 217 (70.2%) were men (mean age 51.05 ± 12.64 years) and 92 (29.8%) were women (mean age 64.53 ± 10.43 years). The mean AHI during total sleep time was 30.34 ± 21.17 in men and 21.47 ± 17.14 in women (P P P = 0.402). REM SDB with R:N ratio higher than 2.0 was more frequently observed in women than in men, 34.8% (32/92) of women, compared with 11.9% (26/217) in men (P 60 years old. These findings suggest the possibility of different pathophysiologic mechanisms of SDB between genders and also between NREM versus REM sleep, which can be partly explained by the influence of female sex hormones.

关键词： Women Sleep Disordered Breathing Obstructive Sleep Apnea Rapid eye Movement Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Index

Comparison of SVM and ANN for classification of eye events in EEG

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2011年第1期4卷 62-69页

作者： Rajesh Singla Brijil Chambayil Arun Khosla Jayashree Santosh 不详

The eye events (eye blink, eyes close and eyes open) are usually considered as biological artifacts in the electroencephalographic (EEG) signal. One can con-trol his or her eye blink by proper training and hence can be used as a control signal in Brain Computer Interface (BCI) applications. Support vector ma-chines (SVM) in recent years proved to be the best classification tool. A comparison of SVM with the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) always provides fruitful results. A one-against-all SVM and a multi-layer ANN is trained to detect the eye events. A com-parison of both is made in this paper.

关键词： ANN BCI EEG eye Event Kurtosis SVM

Evidence for a Potential “Knee-eye-Brain Axis” Involved in Mobility and Navigation Control: Knee Injury and Obesity May Disrupt Axis Integrity

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2018年第3期11卷 37-44页

作者： David A. Hart Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada Department of Surgery University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada Bone & Joint Health Strategic Clinical Network Alberta Health Services Alberta Canada

Humans depend on the coordinated activity of their lower extremities for mobility, an essential feature of Homo sapiens. In addition, they use vision to use this mobility to successfully navigate through their environment. During development, mobility appears to mature first, and then it is coordinated with navigation. Thus, the two, mobility and navigation are likely interdependent in function. Recent studies have indicated that compromising the integrity of the knee, a central element of the lower extremity motion segment, can lead to molecular alterations in both the cornea including the central cornea where light passes, as well as the interior of the eye (the vitreous humor). Not all insults to the knee lead to reproducible alterations in the eye, indicating some specificity in the response. In addition, it was recently reported that alterations to the cells in the vitreous humor occur following dietary induction of obesity in a rat model. As humans with obesity, as well as arthritis of the knee are at risk for ocular involvement and exhibit altered gait characteristics, the clinical and preclinical data raise the possibility of a “knee-eye-brain axis” to control or regulate mobility and navigation. Better delineation of such an axis could have implications for variations in control during maturation, and well as during aging when vision and mobility can be compromised, with increased risk for serious falls and failure to successfully navigate the environment.

关键词： Knee Injury eye Cornea Vitreous Humor Vitreous Humor Cells Obesity

Comprehensive Study on the Basis of eye Blink, Suggesting Length of Text Line, Considering Typographical Variables the Way How to Improve Reading from Computer Screen

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Advances in Internet of Things 2013年第1期3卷 9-20页

作者： Muzammil Khan Khushdil Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering University of Swat Saidu Sharif Pakistan Institute of Business and Computer Mgt Sciences Department of Computer Science Agriculture University Peshawar Pakistan

The advent and extensive use of computer and increasing development of different technologies it is important to increase the awareness of issues related to the electronic text or text presentation on computer screen. The usage of web shows the importance of usability and readability of the web applications or sources provide by the web and web textual contents. Web application fails to encounter the user’s requirements in effective manner specially related to textual information, because the designers are unaware from some of the important factors effecting readability, reading from the screen. In this regard, this study is the continuation of the previous work that has been done for the improvement of readability, to handle the readability issues on the basis of eye Blink for male participants and female participants. To achieve general recommendations for suitable or optimum length of text line for all type of users on the bases of eye blink. Basically during reading from the computer screen focus losses at two positions, when eye blink in the middle of text line and when text line ends. The study specifies suitable length of text line on the basis of eye Blink, assuming three typographical variables i.e. font style, font color, font size, and with white background, which improve the overall readability or reading from computer screen. The study also shows two important things the degree of understandability and the degree of attractive appearance of different combination.

关键词： Readability Text Line Length Understandability Appearance eye Blink Typographical Variable Reading from Screen

Future Directions for eye Movement Research

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心理与行为研究 2004年第3期2卷 489-496页

作者： Keith Rayner Department of Psychology University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA

It is argued that research on eye movements has now entered a fourth general era. Each of the four eras is briefly reviewed, and research findings related to eye movements during reading, scene perception, and visual search are discussed. Future directions for research in each of these areas and research in other domains involving eye movements are also discussed.

关键词： eye movements reading scene perception visual search information processing tasks.

Evaluation of whole body reaction time and one leg with eye closed balance in elderly Japanese

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2012年第1期2卷 22-27页

作者： Nobuyuki Miyatake Noriko Sakano Akira Yoshioka Tomohiro Hirao Takeyuki Numata Department of Hygiene Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Miki Japan Department of Public Health Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Miki Japan Okayama Southern Institute of Health Okayama Health Foundation Okayama Japan

We evaluated whole body reaction time and one leg with eye closed balance in elderly Japanese. A total of 2059 elderly Japanese (730 men and 1329 women), aged 60 - 79 years, were enrolled in the cross-sectional investigation study. Anthropometric parameters, whole body reaction time and one leg with eye closed balance were measured. Whole body reaction time was significantly higher and one leg with eye closed balance was significantly lower in 70’s than those in 60’s in both sexes. Two hundred twenty seven men (31.1%) and 533 women (40.1%) were having no medications. In men, whole body reaction time was significantly higher and one leg with eye closed balance was significantly lower in subjects with medications than those in subjects without in 60’s. However, significant differences of whole body reaction time and one leg with eye closed balance between subjects with and without medications in men with 70’s and women with 60’s and 70’s were not noted. This standard mean value may provide a useful reference database for evaluating whole body reaction time and one leg with eye closed balance in Japanese elderly subjects.

关键词： Elderly Japanese Whole Body Reaction Time One Leg with eye Closed Balance

Distribution of eye Diseases in Kasungu District, Malawi, Central Africa—A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2018年第2期8卷 64-69页

作者： Richard Kang Jae Jun Kim Paul Chung Gyuri Hwang Jung Sung Kim Seunghan Baek Eun Jung Im George Talama The School of Public Health UC Berkeley Berkeley CA USA College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Cornell University Ithaca NY USA The Biology Department Allegheny College Meadville PA USA Korea International School Gyeonggi-do South Korea Henry M. Gunn High School Palo Alto California USA Department of Computer Science Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA Classics College of Letters Arts and Sciences USC LA USA Kasungu District Hospital Kasungu Malawi

Analysis of eye diseases of patients at Kasungu District Hospital in Malawi was made. Malawi is one of the poorest countries in the world and the health system faces a lot challenges in terms of resources. The study was, therefore, done to understand the burden and distribution of eye diseases in this resource-limited setting. A retrospective study was conducted by extracting data from data registers in the outpatient eye department for the period of May 2015 to June 2016. The data of the reported eye diseases analyzed with variables such as patient gender, eye disease type, patient age and times of the year. There was no association between eye diseases and gender nor with times of the year. However, it was noted that the commonest type of eye disease was conjunctivitis. And, there was strong association of some disease type with age, for example, conjunctivitis was common in young age group while cataract was common in the elderly. It was shown in this study that many of the eye diseases endemic in Africa do generally occur in this selected district as well. However, the analysis presents the possibility of reducing the incidences of many diseases by preventive measures and access to health facilities on time.

关键词： eye Diseases Kasungu District Malawi

The Long-Term Clinical Efficacy of Smart Plug in the Treatment of Aqueous Tear Deficiency Dry eye: Results of a 5-Year Study

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Open Journal of Ophthalmology 2020年第1期10卷 21-27页

作者： Zhaoxia Kuang Yong Yao Ye Yuan Yueting Ma Guanglin Chen Yingying Su Xingkai Zhang Vishal Jhanji Dennis Lam Department of Cornea and Ocular Surface Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shantou China Department of Cornea and Ocular Surface C-MER Shenzhen Dennis Lam Eye Hospital Shenzhen China C-MER Kunming eye Hospital Kunming China Department of Cornea and Ocular Surface Dongguan Aier Eye Hospital Dongguan China

Background: Dry eye syndrome, which affects 10% to 20% of adults, is a disorder of the tear film and is associated with symptoms of ocular discomfort. Smart Plug is a mechanical treatment in which the tear drainage system is blocked in order to aid in the preservation of natural tears on the ocular surface. Purpose: To evaluate the long-term clinical efficacy of Smart Plug in the treatment of aqueous tear deficiency dry eye. Patients and Methods: Retrospective study. Three hundred and two patients with aqueous tear deficiency dry eye were enrolled and all the patients accepted the punctual plug of Smart plug from Jan. 2011 to Jan. 2016. The clinical symptoms, Schirmer’s I test, Fluorescein staining (FL), tear break up time (TBUT), and complications were observed and analyzed. Results: Three hundred and two patients (604 eyes) were treated with Smart Plug (22 cases accepted upper and lower punctual plug, 280 cases only lower punctual plug). There were 109 males (36.1%) and 193 females (63.9%) with a mean age of 44.54 years old (Range from 25 to 83 years). Ten cases required the upper Smart Plug after lower punctual plug insertion because of no significantly improved symptoms. Smart plug was removed in 3 patients (1%) due to tearing. Six patients had mild postoperative tearing and no special treatment was required. Lacrimal canaliculitis occurred postoperatively in 8 cases (2.6%) (6 lower and 2 upper), and the affected plug was removed and treated with topical antibiotic eye drops. The BUT, SIT and FL scores of all patients were significantly improved from (2.11 ± 1.01, 4.20 ± 1.07, 6.06 ± 1.97) to (4.34 ± 1.22, 9.01 ± 1.56, 2.33 ± 1.28) respectively after at least 36 months of follow-up (All P P Conclusion: During a mean follow-up of 4.3 years, Smart plug is an effective method for the treatment of aqueous tear deficiency dry eye in spite of its postoperative complications such as canaliculitis and tearing.

关键词： Lacrimal Dry eye Treatment Smart-Plug Punctual Plug