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exposures and risks of arsenic,cadmium,lead,and mercury in cocoa beans and cocoa-based foods:a systematic review

Food Quality and Safety 2019年第1期3卷 1-8页

作者： Ekpor Anyimah-Ackah Isaac W.Ofosu Herman E.Lutterodt Godfred Darko Department of Food Science and Technology Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhanaWest Africa Department of Chemistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhanaWest Africa

Background:The World Health Organization has expressed concern about arsenic,cadmium,lead,and mercury as potentially harmful to human *** such,the world body has called for appropriate preventive and interventionary *** response,food regulatory bodies including European Food Safety Authority are monitoring the levels of these heavy metals in cocoa and cocoa ***:Therefore,the objective of this paper is to synthesize the latest relevant available peer-reviewed publications on arsenic,cadmium,lead,and mercury with a view to highlighting the gaps to encourage further research and informing *** and Methods:A systematic review was conducted using the European Food Safety Authority guide in PubMed database and the result was reported according to the PRISMA ***:The results show that processing may dilute or concentrate the levels of arsenic,cadmium,lead,and mercury,depending on processing factors including the product type,processing method,and raw *** addition,some products exceed the European Union and Chinese Maximum Contaminant Level and may pose ***,the findings show that the risk of heavy metal toxicities was higher among children relative to adults at the same exposure in cocoa-based products and that correcting risk estimates for bioavailability reduces the level of estimated ***:Therefore,the review concludes that further research is required to clarify the effect of processing on the level of these contaminants in specific cocoa-based ***,conducting risk studies based on age groups and correcting for bioavailability of arsenic,cadmium,lead,and mercury enhance accuracy of risk ***:The review,therefore,recommends that a value chain approach be adopted to assessing the levels,exposures,and risks of arsenic,cadmium,lead,and mercury in cocoa-based foods and the effect of processing on these levels.

关键词： toxic heavy metals risks exposures hazards cocoa-based products.

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A Concise Review of Surgical exposures for Revision Knee Arthroplasty

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Surgical Science 2012年第5期3卷 256-260页

作者： Ashish Anand Raviraj Adala Manish Kumar J. Vijay Kumar Srinivas Gautam Kodikal Consultant Orthopedic Surgeon Center for Joint Replacement Fortis Hospitals Bangalore India Junior Resident Center for Joint Replacement Fortis Hospitals Bangalore India Senior Resident Center for Joint Replacement Fortis Hospitals Bangalore India

Revision knee arthroplasty is fraught with complications such as delayed wound healing, arthrofibrosis, increased chances of infection, instability and extensor mechanism disruption. The key to avoiding these complications is to handle the soft tissue with care and to have an adequate surgical exposure at the same time. As the number of revisions has gone up, there has been a renewed interest in getting the basics right to have an adequate surgical exposure. Numerous surgical approaches have been proposed and subsequently modified. We present a concise review of the various surgical approaches for a revision knee replacement.

关键词： Knee Arthroplasty Revision exposures

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Surgical exposures of the distal humeral fractures: An anatomical study of the anterior, posterior, medial and lateral approaches

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2018年第6期21卷 356-359页

作者： Zi-Zheng Wu Jian-Dong Wang Xiao-Xi Ji Zhi-Jian Ma Jian-Hong Wu Qiu-Gen Wang Shanghai Trauma &Emergency Center.Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University ShanghaiChina Department of Orthopaedics Baoshan Branch of Shanghai General Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina

Purpose:Exposure of the articular surface is the key to the successful treatment of intra-articular fractures of distal humerus. Anterior, posterior olecranon osteotomy as well as medial and lateral approaches are the four main approaches to the elbow. The aim of this study was to compare the exposure of distal articular surfaces of these surgical ***:Twelve cadavers were used in this study. Each approach was performed on six elbows according to previously published procedures. After completion of each approach, the exposed articular surfaces were marked by inserting 0.5 mm K-wires along the margins. The elbow was then disarticulated and the exposed articular surfaces were painted. The distal humeral articular surfaces were then closely wrapped using a piece of fibre-glass screen net with meshes. The exposed articular surfaces and the total articular surfaces were calculated by counting the number of meshes, ***:The average percentages of the exposed articular surfaces for the anterior, posterior olecranon osteotomy, medial and lateral approaches were 45.7% ± 2.0%, 53.9% ± 7.1%, 20.6% ± 4.9% and 28.5% ± 6.3%, ***:The anterior and posterior approaches provide greater exposures of distal humeral articular surface than the medial and lateral ones in the treatment of distal humeral fractures.

关键词： Elbow exposures Distal humerus fractures Surgical approach

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Risk aspects of dental restoratives: From amalgam to tooth-colored materials

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World Journal of Stomatology 2013年第1期2卷 1-11页

作者： Roland Frankenberger Franklin Garcia-Godoy Peter E Murray Albert J Feilzer Norbert Kr?mer Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics Dental School University of Marburg and University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg Campus Marburg D-35039 Marburg Germany College of Dentistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 38163 United States Department of Endodontics College of Dental Medicine Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL33328-2018 United States Department of Dental Materials Science Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) University of Amsterdam NL-1066 EA Amsterdam The Netherlands Department of Pediatric Dentistry Dental School University of Giessen and University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg Campus Giessen D-35392 Giessen Germany

Dental materials' choice of patients has considerably changed. Whereas cast gold and amalgam have been the predominant biomaterials for decades, today toothcolored materials like resin-based composites and ceramics are more and more successful. However, are we going to replace a good but biologically questionable material(amalgam) with an equal material(resin composite) being more esthetic but also biologically questionable? For amalgam, long-term clinical studies reported some significant hints that in single cases amalgam may be a health hazard for patients, finally Norway banned amalgam completely. The main advantage of a resin-based composite over amalgam is its tooth-like appearance and more or less absence of extensive preparation rules. For many years it was believed that resin-based composites may cause pulpal injury. However, pulpal injury associated with the use of resin-based composites is not correlated with their cytotoxic properties. Nevertheless, resin-based composites and other dental materials require rigorous safety evaluation and continuous monitoring to prevent adverse events similar like with amalgam. Because of nonbiocompatible pulp responses to resin-based composites and amalgam, they should not be placed in direct contact with the dental pulp. The less dentin remaining in the floor of preparations between resin-based composites or other dental materials is more likely to cause pulpitis. Percentage of patients and dental practitioners who display allergic reactions is between 0.7% and 2%. The release of cytotoxic monomers from resin-based materials is highest after polymerization and much lower after 1 wk. Substances released from resin-based composites have been shown to be toxic in cytotoxicity tests. Nevertheless, in vitro cytotoxicity assays have shown that amalgam has greater toxic effects than resin-based composites, sometime 100-700-fold higher. Altogether, the risk of side-effects is low, but not zero, especially for dental personnel.

关键词： exposures Restoratives Amalgam Resinbased composites Adhesives

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The New Approach for Risk Regulation in Banks

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Chinese Business Review 2019年第1期18卷 30-36页

作者： Daniela Feschiyan Radka Andasarova University of National and World Economy Sofia Bulgaria

The purpose of this report is to present the necessity of proceeding to new reforms in bank regulation and to increase the stability and risk sensitivity of the capital base under applying the Standardised Credit Risk Assessment Approach (SCRA) in banks. The dynamics in the bank regulation and supervision of credit risk assessment approaches are explored. In the paper, a thorough theoretical-methodological and historical-logical analysis was made of the evolution of the development and chronology of the global regulatory frameworks for banks—Basel 1, Basel 2, and Basel 3. The contemporary projections and challenges for the banks’ management under the new regulatory and institutional changes are presented. The SCRA is a positive asset in bank capital regulation in contemporary banking. The revisions to the regulatory framework by Basel 3 are a long continuous process influenced by numerous economic, social, and political factors. The preparation of the Bulgarian banking system for a new reform of financial regulation is analyzed. The need for adoption of a new risk-based approach for capital assessment and the importance of transparency in bank financial reporting is proved.

关键词： Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) standardised approach (SA) credit risk bank exposures risk-weighted assets (RWA)

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Growing Public Health Concerns from Poor Urban Air Quality: Strategies for Sustainable Urban Living

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Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering 2013年第2期2卷 1-9页

作者： Bhaskar Kura Suruchi Verma Elena Ajdari Amrita Iyer Civil & Environmental Engineering University of New Orleans Louisiana U.S.A

Urban areas around the world, particularly in emerging nations such as China, India, and Brazil are experiencing high levels of air pollution due to increased population, economy, spending, and consumption, all of which contribute to deterioration in environmental and public health conditions in urban areas. This paper briefly discusses important sources of air pollution, air pollutants of concern, public health impacts, and proposed strategies to combat urban air pollution and promote sustainable urban living. A team of researchers under the mentorship of the main author is working on a number of air quality projects that involve air quality monitoring (sources, ambient, indoor, and occupational), emissions modeling, atmospheric dispersion modeling, air pollution control, and development of knowledge-based systems to manage air quality.? This paper presents potential strategies that could help address the growing public health concerns in urban areas and promote sustainable and healthy living.

关键词： Urban Air Quality exposures to Air Pollutants Risk Assessment Public Health

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