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Origin,discovery,Exploration and development status and prospect of global natural hydrogen under the background of“carbon neutrality”

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China Geology 2022年第4期5卷 722-733页

作者： Qian-ning Tian Shu-qing Yao Ming-juan Shao Wei Zhang Hai-hua Wang Geoscience Documentation Center China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China National Geological Library of Chin1 2eijing 100083China

Global energy structure is experiencing the third transition from fossil energy to non-fossil energy,to solve future energy problems,cope with climate change,and achieve net-zero emissions targets by 2050.Hydrogen is considered to be the most potential clean energy in this century under the background of carbon neutrality.At present,the industrial methods for producing hydrogen are mainly by steam-hydrocarbon(such as coal and natural gas)reforming and by electrolysis of water,while the Exploration and development of natural hydrogen had just started.According to this literature review:(1)Natural hydrogen can be divided into three categories,including free hydrogen,hydrogen in inclusions and dissolved hydrogen;(2)natural hydrogen could be mainly from abiotic origins such as by deep-seated hydrogen generation,water-rock reaction or water radiolysis;(3)natural hydrogen is widely distributed and presents great potential,and the potential natural hydrogen sources excluding deep source of hydrogen is about(254±91)×10^(9) m^(3)/a according to a latest estimate;(4)at present,natural hydrogen has been mined in Mali,and the Exploration and development of natural hydrogen has also been carried out in Australia,Brazil,the United States and some European countries,to find many favorable areas and test some technical methods for natural hydrogen exploration.Natural hydrogen is expected to be an important part of hydrogen energy production in the future energy pattern.Based on a thorough literature review,this study introduced the origin,classification,and global discovery of natural hydrogen,as well as summarized the current global status and discussed the possibility of natural hydrogen Exploration and development,aiming to provide reference for the future natural hydrogen Exploration and development.

关键词： Carbon neutrality Energy transition New energy Hydrogen energy Natural hydrogen Occurrence Genesis Resources Exploration and development Potential

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Distribution characteristics, Exploration and development, geological theories research progress and exploration directions of shale gas in China

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China Geology 2022年第1期5卷 110-135页

作者： Shi-zhen Li Zhi Zhou Hai-kuan Nie Lei-fu Zhang Teng Song Wei-bin Liu Hao-han Li Qiu-chen Xu Si-yu Wei Shu Tao Oil and Gas Survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China The Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil and Gas Geology China Geological SurveyBeijing 100083China Sinopec Petroleum exploration and Production Research Institute Beijing 100083China PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and development Beijing 100083China School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China

The shale gas resources in China have great potential and the geological resources of shale gas is over 100×10^(12)m^(3),which includes about 20×10^(12)m^(3) of recoverable resources.Organic-rich shales can be divided into three types according to their sedimentary environments,namely marine,marine-continental transitional,and continental shales,which are distributed in 13 stratigraphic systems from the Mesoproterozoic to the Cenozoic.The Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas have the highest geological resources of shale gas,and the commercial development of shale gas has been achieved in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in these areas,with a shale gas production of up to 20×10^(9)m^(3) in 2020.China has seen rapid shale gas Exploration and development over the last five years,successively achieving breakthroughs and important findings in many areas and strata.The details are as follows.(1)Large-scale development of middle-shallow shale gas(burial depth:less than 3500 m)has been realized,with the productivity having rapidly increased;(2)breakthroughs have been constantly made in the development of deep shale gas(burial depth:3500-4500 m),and the ultradeep shale gas(burial depth:greater than 4500 m)is under testing;(3)breakthroughs have been made in the development of normal-pressure shale gas,and the assessment of the shale gas in complex tectonic areas is being accelerated;(4)shale gas has been frequently discovered in new areas and new strata,exhibiting a great prospect.Based on the Exploration and development practice,three aspects of consensus have been gradually reached on the research progress in the geological theories of shale gas achieved in China.(1)in terms of deep-water fine-grained sediments,organic-rich shales are the base for the formation of shale gas;(2)in terms of high-quality reservoirs,the development of micro-nano organic matter-hosted pores serves as the core of shale gas accumulation;(3)in terms of preservation conditions,weak structural transformat

关键词： Shale gas Shale gas distribution Formation era Deep-water fine-grained sediments Shale reservoirs Preservation conditions Exploration and development Wufeng-Longmaxi formations exploration directions Oil-gas exploration engineering China

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Hydrocarbon accumulation and key exploration & development technologies of Changning-Weiyuan marine shale gas field, southern Sichuan

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Petroleum Research 2021年第1期6卷 1-15页

作者： Xiao He Jianfa Wu Rui Yong Shengxian Zhao PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gas Field Company Chengdu610051China

China is rich in shale gas resources and has broad prospects for development. However, the quality ofshale gas resources in China is different from that in the United States, so independent unique technologies are urgently required in China. In this regard, PetroChina has carried out theoretical andtechnical researches systematically on shale gas in Longmaxi Formation in southern Sichuan according toits geology-engineering characteristics. Guided by the “three-control” theory for marine shale gasenrichment and high yield (i.e. sedimentary diagenesis controls reservoir, preservation conditions control accumulation, and continuous thickness of Type I reservoir controls production), six key explorationand development technologies in southern China have been innovatively developed for marine shale gaswhich experienced multi-stage tectonic evolution. The technologies include comprehensive geologicalevaluation technology, development optimization technology, optimal and fast drilling technology forhorizontal well, volume fracturing technology for horizontal well, factory-like operation technology, andefficient clean production technology. These technologies have enabled the large-scale commercial recovery of shale gas. By the end of 2019, PetroChina had obtained proved geological reserves of1.06 1012 m3, had built production capacity of 10 109 m3, and had cumulative gas production of20 109 m3 in southern Sichuan. The remarkable results of application are of great significance forvigorously developing shale gas industry to reduce external dependence, ensure national energy security,and realize the strategy of "ecological priority and green development".

关键词： Shale gas Exploration and development Hydrocarbon accumulation condition Horizontal well Optimization Fracturing Changning-weiyuan area Southern sichuan

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Hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and key Exploration and development technologies for PL 19-3 oilfield

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Petroleum Research 2019年第1期4卷 29-51页

作者： Yong'an Xue Yunhua Deng Deying Wang Haifeng Yang Dingyou Lv Kai Kang Tianjin Branch Company China National Offshore Oil Co.Ltd.Tianjin300452China Research Institure Co.Ltd China National Offshore Oil Co.Ltd.Beijing100028China

The PL 19e3 Oilfield is the only super-large monolithic oilfield with oil and gas reserves up to 1×10^(9) t in the Bohai Bay Basin,and it has been successfully developed.Exploration and development practices have provided abundant data for analyzing formation conditions of this super-large oilfield.On the basis of the Exploration and development history,fundamental reservoir features,and with available geological,geophysical and test data,the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and key exploration&development technologies of the PL 19e3 Oilfield were discussed.The key conditions for forming the super-large Neogene oilfield include four aspects.Firstly,the oilfield is located at the high position of the uplift that contacts the brachy-axis of the multi-ridge slope in the biggest hydrocarbon-rich sag in the Bohai Bay Basin,thus it has sufficient hydrocarbon source and extremely superior hydrocarbon migration condition.Secondly,the large-scale torsional anticlines which formed in the Neogene under the control of the Tanlu strike-slipping movement provide sufficient storage spaces for oil and gas preservation.Thirdly,the“multiple sets of composite reservoir-caprock assemblages”developing in the special shallow-water delta further contributes greatly to the effective storage space for oil and gas preservation.Fourthly,due to the coupling of the uplift and strike slip in the neotectonic period,extensive faulting activities constantly released the pressure while the late period massive hydrocarbon expulsion of the Bozhong took place at the same time,which assures the constant and intense charging of oil and gas.The super-large PL 19e3 Oilfield was controlled by the coupling effects of all those special geologic factors.In view of this oilfield's features(e.***.violently reformation caused by strike slip,and the special sedimentary environment of shallow-water delta),some key practical technologies for Exploration and development have been developed.Such technologies include:the special prestack depth migration processing

关键词： PL 19e3 Hydrocarbon accumulation conditions Multiple composite reservoir-caprock assemblages Constant and intense charging of oil and gas during later period Gas cloud zone Exploration and development technology

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Strategies of Efficient Exploration and development of Deepwater Oil and Gas Overseas

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Frontiers of Engineering Management 2016年第4期3卷 314-320页

作者： Wen-ming Han Shui Yu Hong-yan Zhao Yang Zhao Liang Chen CNOOC Research Institute

Deepwater offshore area,with rich oil and gas resources,has currently become the hot area for oil and gas exploration and the main battlefield where global oil majors compete with each other.This article summarizes the current situation of deepwater oil and gas Exploration and development overseas from the perspectives of exploration history,exploration achievements and technical progress,and analyzes the difficulties and challenges faced by the industry,such as low level understanding of hydrocarbon accumulation conditions,global security and environmental challenges.And then,several feasible implementation strategies have been proposed on how to actively deal with the challenges,promote Chinese oil companies' overseas exploration,and realize efficient Exploration and development of deepwater oil and gas fields overseas.These strategies consist of three aspects:profit-oriented operation principle,exploration ideas supported by theory and technology,and exploration strategy that puts safety first.In the era of low oil prices,Chinese oil companies must build up confidence,seize the opportunity and face the challenge while taking efforts to innovate technologies and theories,updates strategic ideas,and cultivate deepwater talents so as to be in an active position in global deepwater Exploration and development industry in the future.

关键词： deepwater Exploration and development operation principle exploration idea exploration strategy

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Study on the Environmental Impact of Oil and Gas Field development on the Ecological Red Line Area

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Meteorological and Environmental Research 2020年第3期11卷 70-73,80页

作者： Yunshi XIONG Zhihong GUO Tao LIANG Qichen GAO CNPC Research Institute of Safety&Environment Technology Beijing 102206China

To cooperate with the five ministries and commissions of the state to carry out joint investigation on the environmentally sensitive areas involved in oil and gas Exploration and development,for the problems found in survey,containing complex type and numerous amount of ecologically sensitive space and ecological red line involved in oil and gas field enterprises,scientific nature of delimitation,lack of strong support of laws and regulations for forced withdrawal of oil and gas production facilities in these areas,some countermeasures and suggestions were proposed,such as further evaluating and combing scope and functional zoning of existing environmentally sensitive areas and ecological red lines,treating differently,enhancing pertinence of prohibition in ecologically sensitive regions,declining blindness of the withdrawal of oil and gas facilities in environmentally sensitive areas,strengthening seriousness of approval of exploration and mining rights of oil and gas resources,and establishing strategic reserve exploration and hierarchical development mechanism. Moreover,oil and gas field enterprises should integrate more efforts to ① accelerate to find out the current situation of environmental quality,② adhere to developing in protection,and protecting in development,③ increase attention and participation strengthen of providing technical support for national oil and gas Exploration and development strategy evaluation,④ accelerate communication and docking with local governments on the ecological red line,⑤ actively strive to be included in the positive list management of local governments,⑥ accelerate to establish and perfect primary database of oil and gas production and facilities construction,and ⑦ document management information system of the ecological red line.

关键词： Oil and gas fields Exploration and development Ecological red line Environmentally sensitive area Environmental effect

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The Fast Road of Shale Gas development in China——Reflections on Building a Special Test Areas for National Shale Gas development

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Frontiers of Engineering Management 2015年第4期2卷 364-372,394页

作者： Da-wei Zhang The Mineral and Resources Evaluation Center the Ministry of Land and Resources

China's shale gas development has had a good start. It is necessary that the developers take advantage of the opportunity to make further efforts to promote shale gas development in China, in particular by rolling out a comprehensive plan on a national level. The author makes a proposal to establish a special shale gas test area in and adjacent to the Sichuan Basin as the most important way to promote the rapid development of shale gas in China. For this purpose, the author analyzes the current situation and problems of shale gas development in China, addresses the necessity and feasibility of establishing a special test area for shale gas development, and draws up the scope of this shale gas special test area of about 450 thousand square kilometers, covering Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, and part of Yunnan, Hunan, Hubei provinces, and proposes the establishment of a shale gas test area in China. This consists of an overall plan, targets, and contents in 10 aspects, along with organization and implementation modes. The shale gas Exploration and development in the shale gas zones is promoted vigorously by introducing special policies and innovating exploration, development and utilization model. While at the same time, the shale gas zones of continental facies in the Ordos Basin and marineterrigenous facies in South Hubei Basin will be established.The experiences of the reform in the shale gas zones will be the good practice for the reform of petroleum organization system.

关键词： China shale gas Exploration and development reform special shale gas test area(shale gas zone)

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An Effective Thin Reservoir Identification Method for Fine Oilfield development

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Engineering（科研） 2023年第5期15卷 342-351页

作者： Zheng Lv Xin Wang Chunyuan Shi Junting Zhang Bohai Oilfield Research Institute of CNOOC Ltd.-Tianjin Branch Tianjin China

Thin reservoirs prediction method such as spectral inversion has drawn considerable attention in recent years. In order to avoid extracting wavelets within the whole field area purposeless and to make the filtered data has preferable fidelity as well as signal-to-noise ratio, an effective structural constrained thin reservoir description method which combines spectral inversion and wide-band Ricker wavelet filtering technology has been proposed in this paper. The method given here is more credible and is suitable for the prediction of middle-deep thin reservoirs. We take LD-A structure within Bohai Bay Basin as an example to show the implement of our method. Several sets of thin sand layers which are hardly to recognize originally have been finally identified. Also, with the application of this method, a high-production thin reservoir of LD-B structure has been identified accurately, which provides credible information for subsequent fine oil Exploration and development.

关键词： Structure Constrained Thin Reservoir Spectral Inversion Wide-Band Ricker Wavelet Exploration and development

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