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Unequal Distribution of Innovation Efforts for Neglected Tropical Diseases: The Role of Funding evaluation criteria

Health 2024年第5期16卷 490-520页

作者： Anne M. G. Neevel Kenneth D. S. Fernald Linda H. M. van de Burgwal Athena Institute Faculty of Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands

Background: International research and innovation efforts for neglected tropical diseases have increased in recent decades due to disparities in overall health research funding in relation to global burden of disease. However, within the field of neglected tropical diseases some seem far more neglected than others. In this research the aim is to investigate the distribution of resources and efforts, as well as the mechanisms that underpin funding allocation for neglected tropical diseases. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted to establish a comprehensive overview of known indicators for innovation efforts related to a wide range of neglected tropical diseases. Articles were selected based on a subjective evaluation of their relevance, the presence of original data, and the breadth of their scope. This was followed by thirteen in-depth open-ended interviews with representatives of private, public and philanthropic funding organizations, concerning evaluation criteria for funding research proposals. Results: The findings reveal a large difference in the extent to which the individual diseases are neglected with notable differences between absolute and relative efforts. criteria used in the evaluation of research proposals relate to potential impact, the probability of success and strategic fit. Private organizations prioritize strategic fit and economic impact;philanthropic organizations prioritize short-term societal impact;and public generally prioritize the probability of success by accounting for follow-up funding and involvement of industry. Funding decisions of different types of organizations are highly interrelated. Conclusions: This study shows that the evaluation of funding proposals introduces and retains unequal funding distribution, reinforcing the relative neglect of diseases. Societal impact is the primary rationale for funding but application of it as a funding criterion is associated with significant challenges. Furthermore, current application of evaluation criteria leads to a

关键词： Neglected Tropical Diseases Funding Decision evaluation criteria Health Research Funding Research Impact

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Comparison of neutron energy spectrum unfolding methods and evaluation of rationality criteria

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2022年第12期33卷 159-172页

作者： Jun‑Kai Yang Ping‑Quan Wang Zhong‑Guo Ren Ren‑Sheng Wang Hui Zhang Jian Zhang National Institute of Metrology Beijing 100029China Institute of Applied Electronics China Academy of Engineering PhysicsMianyang 621900China School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123China Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Suzhou 215123China

The neutron energy spectrum was measured using a Bonner sphere spectrometer at six locations inside the containment vessel of a nuclear reactor at the Qinshan nuclear power plant. The structures of the neutron spectra obtained by the maximum entropy, iteration, and genetic algorithm methods were consistent with one another and could be interpreted as the spectral superposition of different energy regions. The characteristic parameters of the neutron spectrum, including the fluence rate,average energy, and neutron ambient dose equivalent rate H^(*)(10), were in good agreement among the three methods. In addition, an LB6411 neutron ambient dose equivalent meter was employed to obtain the H^(*)(10) directly for comparison.These findings indicate that neutron spectrum unfolding methods can be used to overcome the problems associated with the response functions of dosimeters to provide more accurate H^(*)(10) values. In this study, the following three evaluation criteria were systematically addressed to ensure the accuracy of the unfolded spectra: count rates of the inverse solutions,neutron spectrum structures, and comparison of key parameters.

关键词： Neutron spectrum ̇H∗(10) Nuclear power plant evaluation criteria

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evaluation criteria for gas source rocks of marine carbonate in China

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2005年第9期15卷 810-817页

作者： WANG Zhaoyun1**, ZHAO Wenzhi1 and WANG Yunpeng2(1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development,PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China 2. Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China) Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China

Hydrocarbon generating and expulsion simulation experiments are carried out using samples artifically matched between the acid-dissolved residue of relatively low-maturity limestone and the original sample. This work makes up for the insufficiency of source rock samples with high abundance of organic matters and low maturity in China. The organic carbon content of the 10 prepared samples varies between 0.15% and 0.74%. Pyrolysis data and simulation experiment results of hydrocarbon generating and expulsion, which were obtained by a high-temperature and high-pressure open system, indicate that the lower limit of organic carbon content for marine carbonate rock to generate and expel hydrocarbons is 0.23%—0.31%. In combination with the numerical analysis of organic carbon in marine carbonate rocks from Tarim Basin, Sichuan Basin, Ordos Basin and North China, as well as the contribution of these gas source rocks to the discovered gas pools, we think that the organic carbon criterion for carbonate gas source rocks should be 0.3%.

关键词： carbonate gas source rock gas-generating efficiency evaluation criteria simulation experiment.

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evaluation criteria, major types, characteristics and resource prospects of tight oil in China

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Petroleum Research 2016年第1期1卷 1-9页

作者： Chengzao Jia Caineng Zou Jianzhong Li Denghua Li Min Zheng China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing 100724China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083China

Tight oil refers to a petroleum play that occurs in a free or adsorbed state in source rocks or tight reservoir rocks(e.g.,sandstone and carbonate rock)interbedded with or close to source rocks.Tight oil has generally not experienced large-scale,long-distance migration.According to such a definition and its characteristics,10 key indices are proposed for tight oil resource evaluation in China.Tight oil reservoirs are divided into three groups in terms of porosity and permeability.Tight oil can be classified into three types according to the contact relationship between the tight oil reservoirs and source rocks,i.e.,tight lacustrine carbonate oil,tight deep-lake gravity flow sandstones oil,and tight deep-lake deltaic sandstones oil.In China,tight oil resources are widely distributed and significant exploration discoveries have been achieved in the sixth member and seventh member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin,the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar Basin,the Middle-Lower Jurassic strata of the Sichuan Basin,and the Cretaceous Qingshankou and Quantou Formations in the Songliao Basin.The total geological resources of tight oil in China assessed by using the“analog”method are estimated to be(10.67-11.15)×10^(9) tones.Taking into account of the future prospects of petroleum development,tight oil may become a realistic alternative to the conventional oil resources in China.

关键词： tight oil evaluation criteria classification reservoir characteristics resource potential

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Why do platinum catalysts show diverse electrocatalytic performance?

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Fundamental Research 2023年第5期3卷 804-808页

作者： Qiangmin Yu Zhiyuan Zhang Heming Liu Xin Kang Shiyu Ge Shaohai Li Lin Gan Bilu Liu Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute&Institute of Materials ResearchShenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055China

As one of the best electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction,platinum catalysts are a benchmark for the performance evaluation of new catalysts.However,platinum catalysts reported in the literature show diverse electrocatalytic performances,resulting in the lack of a common reference standard.In this study,we investigated several factors that affect the performance of platinum catalysts by performing experimental measurements and data processing.These factors included the solution resistance,electrolyte temperature,loading quantity,catalyst microstructure,and normalization method of the current density.Finally,we recommended criteria for the performance evaluation of electrocatalysts.

关键词： Platinum Electrocatalyst Overpotential Solution resistance Loading quantity Microstructure Catalyst area evaluation criteria

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On the Study of Image Restored evaluation criteria

On the Study of Image Restored Evaluation Criteria

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中国电子学会第十五届信息论学术年会暨第一届全国网络编码...

作者： Zhang Junben Ding Haiyong College of Information Science and Engineering,Shandong Agricultural University,Taian 271018

Image restoration is the technology to restore the original image frem a blurted or noised degraded image.The quality of the restored images must be evaluated using some criteria.In this paper,we discussed the problem how to evaluate the restored image objectively.Some evaluation indexes were constructed and experimental results were given to manifest the pedormanoe of these index.

关键词： image restoration blurred image evaluation criteria

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Investors’perspective on forecasting crude oil return volatility:Where do we stand today?

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Journal of Management Science and Engineering 2022年第3期7卷 423-438页

作者： Li Liu Qianjie Geng Yaojie Zhang Yudong Wang School of Finance Nanjing Auditing UniversityNanjing211815China School of Economics and Management Nanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing210094China

In this paper,we review studies of oil volatility prediction from a new perspective:that of investors who require economic evaluations of forecasting performance.Our results indicate that no single volatility model outperforms all of the competing models,of which GARCH and realized volatility models are the most popular.Most studies evaluate forecasting performance using two criteria:value at risk and hedging effectiveness.Parameter instability and model uncertainty are technical issues that affect out-of-sample performance.Most studies assess volatility forecasts from the perspectives of portfolio management and derivative pricing.Whether oil volatility can predict economic variables and the asset pricing implications of oil volatility for financial markets are important topics that require attention.

关键词： Oil volatility Out-of-sample forecasting Economic predictability evaluation criteria

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Responses of benthic insect communities to effluent from the abandoned Ferris-Haggarty copper mine in southeast Wyoming,USA

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2011年第11期23卷 1894-1903页

作者： Dayong Wu D avid Legg Department of Renewable Resources University of WyomingLaramieWyoming 82071USA Department of Life Sciences Hengshui UniversityHengshui 053000China

Six criteria were used to evaluate 12 metrics for their sensitivity to effluent flowing from the Ferris-Haggarty copper mine into Haggarty Creek and then into Battle Creek West Fork.Through the evaluation process,we found that the Shannon-Wiener index,the random runs value,and Ephemeroptera taxa richness appeared to best reflect the impacts that have occurred in both Haggarty Creek and Battle Creek West Fork.In addition,Ephemeroptera/Plecoptera/Trichoptera taxa richness,total taxa richness,and Plecoptera taxa richness,were useful in reflecting those impacts.In contrast,we found that the abundance ratios,the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index,as well as Trichoptera taxa richness,did not reflect the impacts that occurred in Haggarty Creek and Battle Creek West Fork.Finally,this study provided information about the benthic insect communities that are present in the impacted reaches of Haggarty Creek.Such information is needed to assess the potential of those reaches as habitat for the Colorado River cutthroat trout,Oncorhynchus clarki pleuriticus,which is a species of special concern to the Wyoming Department of Game and Fish.

关键词： benthic insect communities metric evaluation evaluation criteria Ferris-Haggarty copper mine

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Polynomial friction pendulum isolators(PFPIs)for seismic performance control of benchmark highway bridge

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2017年第4期16卷 827-840页

作者： Arijit Saha Pumachandra Saha Sanjaya Kumar Patro School of Civil Engineering KIlT UniversityBhubaneswarOdishaIndia

The seismic response of a benchmark highway bridge isolated with passive polynomial friction pendulum isolators （PFPIs） is investigated and subjected to six bidirectional ground motion records. The benchmark study is based on a lumped mass finite-element model of the 91/5 highway overcrossing located in Southern California. The PFPI system possesses two important parameters; one is horizontal flexibility and the other is energy absorbing capacity through friction. The evaluation criteria of the benchmark bridge arc analyzed considering two parameters, time period of the isolator and coefficient of friction of the isolation surface. The results of the numerical study are compared with those obtained from the traditional friction pendulum system （FPS）. Dual design performance of the PFPI system suppressed the displacement and acceleration response of the benchmark highway bridge. The dual design hysteresis loop of the PFPI system is the main advantage over the linear hysteresis loop of the FPS. The numerical result indicates that the seismic performance of the PFPI system is better than that of the traditional FPS isolated system. Further, it is observed that variations of the isolation time period and coefficient of friction of the FPS and PFPI systems have a significant effect on the peak responses of the benchmark highway bridge.

关键词： benchmark highway bridge seismic isolation FPS PFPI evaluation criteria

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Combined intra-arterial thrombolysis and neuprotectant agents reduce cerebral infarction in rabbits with experimental acute cerebral ischemia

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Neural Regeneration Research 2006年第6期1卷 541-544页

作者： Pei Shi Department of Intervention Xinhua Hospital of Xinxiang City Xinxiang 453000 Henan Province China

BACKGROUND： The intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy is one of main methods for more patients to obtain benefits. The percentage of arterial recanalization treated with intra-artedal therapy is higher than with intra-venous therapy, next, the dose of thrombolytic medicines is lower and the therapeutic time window may be possibly longer. Related researches are focus on intra-arterial thrombolysis combining with neuprotectant agents to treat acute ischemic stroke. The results show that combination of them can further prolong the therapeutic time window, improve the percentage of arterial recanalization and reduce cerebral infarction volume. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of single thrombolitic therapy combined with neuroprotectant agents in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. DESIGN： Randomized block design SETTING： Xinhua Hospital of Xixiang City, Henan Province MATERIALS ： Thirty-six adult male white rabbits, weighing 1.5-2.0 kg, clean grade, were provided by Experimental Animal Center of Xinxiang Medical College. All rabbits were randomly divided into three groups： intra-arterial thrombolysis control group, corenalin control group and combination group with 12 in each group. Urokinase was provided by Beijing Saisheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. （batch number： 020923）; corenalin by Sanjing Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. of Harbin Pharmaceutical Group （batch number： 021106）; nimodipine by Shandong Xihua Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. （batch number： 020611 ）; contrast medium IOPAMIRO300 by Bracco s.p.a, Milano Italian （batch number： 0584）; 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） by Beijing Mashi Fine Chemical Product Co., Ltd. （batch number： 020926）. METHODS： The experiment was carded out in the Department of Intervention, Second People＇s Hospital of Xinxiang from September 2002 to May 2003. （1） According to techniques of Benes et al and Zhu et al, animal models with acute ischemia were established. Two hours later, the therapy began. Intra-arterial thrombolysis control group： 5 000 U/kg urokinase was dnpped in l

关键词： cerebral ischemia cerebral infarction thrombolytic therapy ischemic stroke time window common carotid artery evaluation criteria measurement data ChemicaL Product contrast media block design methods for

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