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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2024年第5期18卷 171-179页

作者： Joe F.Bozeman III School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA School of Public Policy Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA

Socioecological inequity in environmental data science—such as inequities deriving from data-driven approaches and machine learning(ML)—are current issues subject to debate and evolution.There is growing consensus around embedding equity throughout all research and design domains—from inception to administration,while also addressing procedural,distributive,and recognitional factors.Yet,practically doing so may seem onerous or daunting to some.The current perspective helps to alleviate these types of concerns by providing substantiation for the connection between environmental data science and socioecological inequity,using the Systemic equity Framework,and provides the foundation for a paradigmatic shift toward normalizing the use of equity-centered approaches in environmental data science and ML settings.Bolstering the integrity of environmental data science and ML is just beginning from an equity-centered tool development and rigorous application standpoint.To this end,this perspective also provides relevant future directions and challenges by overviewing some meaningful tools and strategies—such as applying the Wells-Du Bois Protocol,employing fairness metrics,and systematically addressing irreproducibility;emerging needs and proposals—such as addressing data-proxy bias and supporting convergence research;and establishes a ten-step path forward.Afterall,the work that environmental scientists and engineers do ultimately affect the well-being of us all.

关键词： equity Bias Machine Learning Data Science Justice Systemic equity

Scaling-up filariasis lymphoedema management into the primary health care system in Kerala State, Southern India: a case study in healthcare equity

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2022年第1期11卷 74-81页

作者： Suma T.Krishnasastry Charles D.Mackenzie Rajeev Sadanandan Filariasis Research Unit WHO Collaborating Center for LF MMDPLymphatic Filariasis Morbidity Management and Disability PreventionDepartment of Internal MedicineGovt.T.D.Medical College HospitalKerala University of Health SciencesAlappuzha688005India NTD Support Center Task Force for Global HealthAtlantaGA30030USA Health Systems Transformation Platform New Delhi110070India

Background:Lymphatic filariasis(LF)remains one of the world’s most debilitating parasitic infections and is a major contributor to poor health in many endemic countries.The provision of continuing care for all those affected by LF and its consequences is an important component of the United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals.The aim of this study is to integrate lymphedema care into the primary health care system of the State by developing lymphedema clinics at each district,through training of health personnel to fulfill WHO recommendation for morbidity management and disability prevention.Methods:Selected health care providers from all the districts in Kerala State of India participated in intensive training sessions endorsed by the State’s health administration.The six training sessions(from 5 June 2017 to 25 May 2018)included appropriate self-care information and development of individual plans for each participating institution to provide instruction and care for their lymphoedema patients.The learning achieved by attendees was assessed by pre-and post-training tests.The number of lymphoedema patients receiving care and instruction from the post-training activities of each participating institution was assessed from local records,6 months after the conclusion of the training sessions.Results:One hundred and eighty-four medical personnel(91 doctors and 93 nurses)from 82 medical institutions were trained which quickly led to the establishment of active lymphoedema clinics providing the essential package of care(EPC)for lymphoedema patients at all the participating institutions.Six months after the training sessions the number of previously unidentified lymphoedema patients registered and receiving care at these clinics ranged from 296 to almost 400 per clinic,with a total of 3,477 new patients receiving training in EPC.Conclusions:Generalist health personnel,when appropriately trained,can provide quality lymphoedema care in public health settings and patients when provided services close to their home,are w

关键词： Lymphatic filariasis Health equity India Lymphoedema Global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis

equity of health service utilization of urban residents： data from a western Chinese city

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Chinese Medical Journal 2013年第13期126卷 2510-2516页

作者： MA0 Ying XU Fei ZHANG Ming-jun LIU Jin-lin YANG Jie WANG Mei-juan ZHANG Si-feng ZHANG Yue-lin YAN Jian-qun School of Public Policy and Administration Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital Xi'an Shaanxi 710068 China School of Medicine Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China

Background Getting medical treatment is still difficult and expensive in western China. Improving the equity of basic health services is one of the tasks of the new healthcare reform in China. This study aimed to analyze the parallel and vertical equity of health service utilization of urban residents and then find its influencing factors. Methods In August 2011, a household survey was conducted at 18 communities of Baoji City by multi-stage stratified random sampling. Based on the survey data, we calculated a concentration index of health service utilization for different income residents and a difference index of different ages. We then investigated the influencing factors of health service utilization by employing the Logistic regression model and log-linear regression model. Results The two-week morbidity rate of sampled residents was 19.43%, the morbidity rate of chronic diseases was 21.68%, and the required hospitalization rate after medical diagnosis was 11.36%. Among out-patient service utilization, the two-week out-patient rate, number of two-week out-patients, and out-patient expense had good parallel and vertical equity, while out-patient compensation expense had poor parallel and vertical equity. The inpatient service utilization, hospitalization rate, number of inpatients, days stayed in the hospital, and inpatient expense had good parallel equity, while inpatient compensation expense had poor parallel equity. While the hospitalization rate and number of inpatients had vertical equity, the days stayed in hospital, inpatient expense, and inpatient compensation expense had vertical inequity. Conclusions Urban residents＇ health was at a low level and there was not good health service utilization. There existed rather poor equity of out-patient compensation expense. The equity of inpatient service utilization was quite poor. Income difference and the type of medical insurance had great effects on the equity of health service utilization.

关键词： equity concentration index difference index health service utilization urban resident

equity and seeking treatment for young children with fever in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study in Cross River and Bauchi States

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2015年第1期4卷 1-8页

作者： Bikom Patrick Odu Steven Mitchell Hajara Isa Iyam Ugot Robbinson Yusuf Anne Cockcroft Neil Andersson CIET Trust 71 Oxford RoadSaxonwoldJohannesburg 2196South Africa CIET/PRAM Department of Family MedicineMcGill University5858 Côte-des-NeigesSuite 300MontrealQC H3Z 1Z1Canada Community Health Department and Roll Back Malaria Program CalabarCross River StateNigeria State Ministry of Health BauchiBauchi StateNigeria CIET Trust Botswana PO Box 1240GaboroneBotswana

Background:Poor children have a higher risk of contracting malaria and may be less likely to receive effective treatment.Malaria is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Nigerian children and many cases of childhood fever are due to malaria.This study examined socioeconomic factors related to taking children with fever for treatment in formal health facilities.Methods:A household survey conducted in Bauchi and Cross River states of Nigeria asked parents where they sought treatment for their children aged 0–47 months with severe fever in the last month and collected information about household socio-economic status.Fieldworkers also recorded whether there was a health facility in the community.We used treatment of severe fever in a health facility to indicate likely effective treatment for malaria.Multivariate analysis in each state examined associations with treatment of childhood fever in a health facility.Results:43%weighted(%wt)of 10,862 children had severe fever in the last month in Cross River,and 45%wt of 11,053 children in Bauchi.Of these,less than half(31%wt Cross River,44%wt Bauchi)were taken to a formal health facility for treatment.Children were more likely to be taken to a health facility if there was one in the community(OR 2.31[95%CI 1.57–3.39]in Cross River,OR 1.33[95%CI 1.0–1.7]in Bauchi).Children with fever lasting less than five days were less likely to be taken for treatment than those with more prolonged fever,regardless of whether there was such a facility in their community.Educated mothers were more likely to take children with fever to a formal health facility.In communities with a health facility in Cross River,children from less-poor households were more likely to go to the facility(OR 1.30;95%CI 1.07-1.58).Conclusion:There is inequity of access to effective malaria treatment for children with fever in the two states,even when there is a formal health facility in the community.Understanding the details of inequity of access in the two states could help the state governments to

关键词： Severe fever Malaria equity Access to care Nigeria

equity issues and the PeCUS index:an indirect analysis of community severance

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Geo-Spatial Information Science 2020年第4期23卷 293-304页

作者： Daniela Vanessa Rodriguez Lara Antonio Nelson Rodrigues da Silva Department of Transportation Engineering São Carlos School of EngineeringUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil

Urban barriers are often a consequence of the unplanned expansion of transport infrastructures,housing growth nearby existing transport infrastructures,and the vehicular traffic itself.This process,also known as“community severance”,is a problem that affects the travel patterns of the population and causes negative impacts to adjacent communities,but it is not easy to assess.As an alternative to the costly technologies and restricted-access data sometimes used to analyze urban barriers,we propose an analytical approach that assesses community severance levels by classifying the quality of Pedestrian Crossings on Urban Streets(the PeCUS index).Additionally,the approach is used to identify possible inequities nearby the different classification groups regarding demographic data.We used the chi-square(χ^(2))test of independence and the standardized Pearson residuals to indicate deficits and excesses of residents regarding the demographic characteristics studied surrounding the urban streets.We found the following evidences of associations:residents with low-income or those aged up to 19 tend to live close to the worst crossings,whereas residents with permanent mobility constraints or the elderly tend to live near the crossings with the best classifications.Therefore,the study shows that the assessment of community severance by the analysis of the PeCUS index is feasible.Moreover,it reveals that the distribution of residents surrounding the distinct classes of quality of crossings is equitable for vulnerable social groups,except for low-income or young residents.

关键词： Community severance transport barriers pedestrian crossings equity open data geographic information systems(GIS)

Cost of open access publishing in otolaryngology‐head and neck surgery

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2023年第4期9卷 352-356页

作者： Eric K.Kim Mark G.Shrime Program in Global Surgery and Social Change Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA School of Medicine University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA

Objective:Open access(OA)publishing makes research more accessible but is associated with steep article processing charges(APCs).The study objective was to characterize the APCs of OA publishing in otolaryngology‐head and neck surgery(OHNS)journals.Methods:We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of published policies of 110 OHNS journals collated from three databases.The primary outcomes were the publishing model,APC for original research,and APC waiver policy.Results:We identified 110 OHNS journals(57 fully OA,47 hybrid,2 subscription‐only,4 unknown model).After excluding 12 journals(2 subscription‐only,4 unknown model,5 OA with unspecified APCs,and 1 OA that accepts publications only from society members),we analyzed 98 journals,23 of which did not charge APCs.Among 75 journals with nonzero APCs,the mean and median APCs were$2452 and$2900(interquartile range:$1082–3520).Twenty‐five journals(33.3%)offered APC subsidies for authors in low‐and middle‐income countries(LMICs)and/or on a case‐by‐case basis.Eighty‐five and 25 journals were based in high‐income countries(HICs)and LMICs,respectively.The mean APC was higher among HIC journals than LMIC journals($2606 vs.$958,p<0.001).Conclusion:APCs range from tens to thousands of dollars with limited waivers for authors in LMICs.

关键词： equity open access otolaryngology

Comparison and analysis of mitigation ambitions of Parties’ updated Nationally Determined Contributions

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2023年第1期14卷 4-12页

作者： Hai-Lin WANG Yu-Yan WENG Xun-Zhang PAN Institute of Energy Environment and EconomyTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Think Tank Center Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China School of Economics and Management China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China

Understanding mitigation ambitions of the Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs)should include both the equity of supporting the Paris Agreement goals and the costs of achieving the proposed mitigation targets.This study presents a new framework that combines equity and economic costs to compare and analyze mitigation ambitions of Parties'updated NDCs.Under representative 2℃ and 1.5℃ pathways,this framework uses multiple equity-principled allocations to derive the alignment of the updated NDCs with the Paris Agreement goals,and further applies a computable general equilibrium model to assess the economic costs of implementing the updated NDCs.The results show that global 2030 emissions may meet the selected global 2℃ pathway if all Parties achieve their most ambitious mitigation efforts,but there is still an emissions gap of 10-15 GtCO_(2) to follow the selected 1.5℃ pathway.From the perspective of equity,the updated NDCs of the USA,the EU(including the UK in this study),and Japan lack ambition with respect to‘equal cumulative per capita emissions’under 2℃ and do not align with any equity principles under 1.5℃.The updated NDCs of China,India,Brazil and South Africa reflect their claims to‘equity’and‘common but differentiated responsibilities’.From the perspective of economic costs,the GDP and welfare losses of China,Brazil and South Africa incurred by achieving the updated NDCs are not lower than those of the three developed Parties.China's GDP loss is estimated at 0.43%-0.55%in 2030,which is higher than that of the USA(0.30%-0.38%)and the EU(0.25%-0.28%).This study suggests that developed Parties take the lead in further ratcheting up the NDCs and strengthen financial and technological support to developing countries so that the world could close the gap to 1.5℃.

关键词： Updated NDCs 2030 emissions equity Economic costs Paris Agreement

COVID-19 Vaccine Allocation: Modeling Health Outcomes and equity Implications of Alternative Strategies

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Engineering 2021年第7期7卷 924-935页

作者： Maddalena Ferranna Daniel Cadarette David E.Bloom Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health BostonMA 02115USA

Given the scarcity of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines,a chief policy question is how to allocate them among different sociodemographic groups.This paper evaluates COVID-19 vaccine prioritization strategies proposed to date,focusing on their stated goals;the mechanisms through which the selected allocations affect the course and burden of the pandemic;and the main epidemiological,economic,logistical,and political issues that arise when setting the prioritization strategy.The paper uses a simple,agestratified susceptible–exposed–infectious–recovered model applied to the United States to quantitatively assess the performance of alternative prioritization strategies with respect to avoided deaths,avoided infections,and life-years gained.We demonstrate that prioritizing essential workers is a viable strategy for reducing the number of cases and years of life lost,while the largest reduction in deaths is achieved by prioritizing older adults in most scenarios,even if the vaccine is effective at blocking viral transmission.Uncertainty regarding this property and potential delays in dose delivery reinforce the call for prioritizing older adults.Additionally,we investigate the strength of the equity motive that would support an allocation strategy attaching absolute priority to essential workers for a vaccine that reduces infectionfatality risk.

关键词： Vaccine allocation COVID-19 equity SEIR model

equity of Accessibility to Health Care Services and Identification of Underserved Areas

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Chinese Geographical Science 2021年第1期31卷 167-180页

作者： WANG Donghua CAO Xiaoshu HUANG Xiaoyan School of Geography and Tourism Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an 710119China Northwest Land and Resource Research Center Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an 710119China

Characterizing the availability of opportunities to residents has been a long-term aim in health care geographic investigation.It is important to measure the degree of inequity in health care accessibility and to identify underserved areas, due to the uneven distribution of health care services. In this study, JavaScript was used to calculate travel time based on Amap, as this can provide a more reliable data support to measure the health care accessibility in Xi’an communities, China. Based on the overall equity, herein, an attempt was made to quantify the equity of health care accessibility, and to identify health care underserved areas inside the different communities. Results show that the accessibility to low-level health care services is high in the northern areas and low in the southern areas, while the accessibility to high-level and comprehensive health care services shows a clear core-periphery spatial structure. Moreover, the overall equity of the health care accessibility is relatively low, and the inequity of high-level health care accessibility is further aggravated.Furthermore, the quantified equity of accessibility to high-level and comprehensive health care services in the central urban areas is better;however low-level health care services are relatively inadequate. There are significant differences among health care underserved areas, in particular, for the worst equity and the lowest accessibility areas(A1) and the worse equity and the lowest accessibility areas(B1) in high-level underserved areas. Notably, the sharing of health care services and the reasonable flow of health technical personnel among different levels of health institutions can make the high-level health care services in the central urban areas have a greater trickle effect on the surrounding areas.

关键词： accessibility equity identification health care underserved areas Xi’an,China

ADDRESSING equity ISSUE IN MULTI-ACTOR POLICYMAKING VIA A SYSTEM-OF-SYSTEMS APPROACH:AVIATION EMISSIONS REDUCTION CASE STUDY

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Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2011年第1期20卷 1-24页

作者： D.Buyung AGUSDINATA Daniel A.DELAURENTIS System-of-Systems Laboratory(SoSL) College of EngineeringPurdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Purdue University

Finding equitable policy solutions is critical for developing sustainable energy use.This paper presents a system-of-systems(SoS) formalism for addressing the equity issue in multi-actor policymaking.In a SoS,the control of the overall system performance is shared among a network of actors.In contrast to a single optimal solution that aggregates objectives of actors,the solution concept of iso-performance is formulated and employed to illuminate multiple solutions and hence the ’space’ for actors to compromise.By specifically accounting for the equity issue,the level of sacrifice each actor makes for each iso-performance solution is computed.To demonstrate the approach,a case study is presented about policymaking to reduce fuel life cycle aviation emissions in the United States based on the year 2020 reduction target,involving government,airlines,jet fuel refinery companies,and aircraft and engine manufacturers.A resource allocation mixed integer programming model is employed to calculate carbon emissions resulting from airlines’ deployment of aircraft fleet to meet changing air transport demand.The paper discusses three iso-performance solutions;each of them requires a different level of sacrifice from each actor.Such an insight can inform policymaking in determining the magnitude of compensation required when a particular solution is pursued.

关键词： System-of-systems equity multi-actor policymaking iso-performance solutions aviation emissions.