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Bilateral occurrence of sperm granulomas in the left spermatic cord and on the right epididymis:A case report

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2022年第29期10卷 10787-10793页

作者： Ding-Yang Lv Hong-Jie Xie Fan Cui Hui-Yu Zhou Wei-Bing Shuang Department of Urology The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan 030001Shanxi ProvinceChina

BACKGROUND Sperm granuloma is a rare disease in clinical andrology and its incidence is still unclear worldwide.According to the existing literature,sperm granuloma often occurs unilaterally.Clinical and ultrasound features are similar to epididymal tuberculosis,chronic epididymitis and other diseases.Sperm granuloma is usually diagnosed based on postoperative histopathological and immunohistochemical examination.CASE SUMMARY A 46-year-old man was admitted to the hospital due to the presence of a left scrotal mass for 3 mo and aggravation of pain for 1 wk.The lesions at both sites were surgically resected.Postoperative pathological examination showed that the left spermatic cord mass and the right epididymal mass were consistent with sperm granuloma.The sperm granulomas then recurred 3 mo after surgery.There is little change in the local mass so far.CONCLUSION The case report is helpful for our understanding of this disease.In clinical diagnosis,it should be distinguished from epididymal tuberculosis,chronic epididymitis and other diseases.Color Doppler ultrasound can be used as a preferred examination method but postoperative pathological examination is still needed for diagnosis.

关键词： Sperm granuloma epididymis Spermatic cord Recurrence Case report

epididymis-specific lipocalin promoters

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2007年第4期9卷 515-521页

作者： Kichiya Suzuki Xiuping Yu Pierre Chaurand Yoshihiko Araki Jean-Jacques Lareyre Richard M. Caprioli Marie-Claire Orgebin-Crist Robert J. Matusik Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai 980-8574 Japan Departments of Urologic Surgery Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee 37232 USA Departments of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee 37232 USA Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee 37232 USA Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee 37232 USA Departments of Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee 37232 USA Departments of Center for Reproductive Biology Research Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee 37232 USA

Our goal is to decipher which DNA sequences are required for tissue-specific expression of epididymal genes. At least 6 epididymis-specific lipocalin genes are known. These are differently regulated and regionalized in the epididymis. Lipocalin 5 （Lcn5 or mE-RABP） and Lipocalin 8 （Lcn8 or mEP17） are homologous genes belonging to the epididymis-specific lipocalin gene cluster. Both the 5 kb promoter fragment of the Lcn5 gene and the 5.3 kb promoter fragment of the Lcn8 gene can direct transgene expression in the epididymis （Lcn5 to the distal caput and Lcn8 to the initial segment）, indicating that these promoter fragments contain important cis-regulatory element（s） for epididymisspecific gene expression. To define further the fragments regulating gene expression, the Lcn5 promoter was examined in transgenic mice and immortalized epididymal cell lines. After serial deletion, the 1.8 kb promoter fragment of the Lcn5 gene was sufficient for tissue-specific and region-specific gene expression in transgenic mice. Transient transfection analysis revealed that a transcription factor forkhead box A2 （Foxa2） interacts with androgen receptor and binds to the 100 bp fragment of the Lcn5 promoter between 1.2 kb and 1.3 kb and that Foxa2 expression inhibits androgen-dependent induction of the Lcn5 promoter activity. Immunohistochemistry indicated a restricted expression of Foxa2 in the epididymis where endogenous Lcn5 gene expression is suppressed and that the Foxa2 inhibition of the Lcn5 promoter is consistent with the lack of expression of Lcn5 in the corpus and cauda. Our approach provides a basic strategy for further analysis of the epididymal lipocalin gene regulation and flexible control of epididymal function. （Asian J Androl 2007 July; 9： 515-521）

关键词： androgen epididymis gene cluster gene evolution gene regulation lipocalin transcription factor

Momordica charantia fruit extract with antioxidant capacity improves the expression of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in epididymal fluid of chronic stress rats

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Journal of Integrative Medicine 2022年第6期20卷 534-542页

作者： Supatcharee Arun Therachon Kamollerd Nareelak Tangsrisakda Sudtida Bunsueb Arada Chaiyamoon Alexander Tsang-Hsien Wu Sitthichai Iamsaard Department of Anatomy Faculty of MedicineKhon Kaen UniversityKhon Kaen 40002Thailand Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion(HHP&HP) Khon Kaen UniversityKhon Kaen 40002Thailand The PhD Program for Translational Medicine College of Medical Science and TechnologyTaipei Medical University and Academia SinicaTaipei 11031TaiwanChina Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences National Defense Medical CenterTaipei 114TaiwanChina

Objective:Although the protective effects of Momordica charantia L.(MC)extract on chemical-induced testicular damage have been studied,the preventive effects of MC extract on functional proteins in the epididymis under chronic stress have never been reported.This study investigated the protective effects of MC fruit extract on protein secretion,especially tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins,in the epididymis of rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress(CUS).Methods:Total phenolic compounds(TPC),total flavonoid compounds(TFC)and antioxidant capacities of MC extract were measured.Adult male rats were divided into 4 groups:control group,CUS group,and 2groups of CUS that received different doses of MC extract(40 or 80 mg/kg).In treated groups,rats were given MC daily,followed by induction of CUS(1 stressor was randomly applied from a battery of 9 potential stressors)for 60 consecutive days.Plasma corticosterone and testosterone levels were analyzed after the end of experiment.Expressions of heat-shock protein 70(HSP-70)and tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins present in the fluid of the head and tail of the epididymis were quantified using Western blot.Results:MC extract contained TPC of(19.005±0.270)mg gallic acid equivalents and TFC of(0.306±0.012)mg catechin equivalents per gram,and had 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant capacity of(4.985±0.086)mg trolox equivalents per gram,radical 50%inhibitory concentration of(2.011±0.008)mg/mL and ferric reducing antioxidant power of(23.697±0.819)μmol Fe(Ⅱ)per gram.Testosterone level in the epididymis was significantly increased,while the corticosterone level was significantly improved in groups treated with MC extract,compared to the CUS animals.Particularly,an 80 mg/kg dose of MC extract prevented the impairments of HSP-70 and tyrosine-phosphorylated protein expressions in the luminal fluid of the epididymis of CUS rats.Conclusion:MC fruit extract had antioxidant activities and improved the functional proteins secreted from the head and tail of the epididymis.It is possib

关键词： Momordica charantia L. Antioxidant activity epididymis Tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins Chronic unpredictable stress

Extracellular quality control in the epididymis

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2007年第4期9卷 500-507页

作者： Gail A. Cornwall H. Henning von Horsten Douglas Swartz Seethal Johnson Kim Chau Sandra Whelly Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock TX 79430 USA

The epididymal lumen represents a unique extracellular environment because of the active sperm maturation process that takes place within its confines. Although much focus has been placed on the interaction of epididymal secretory proteins with spermatozoa in the lumen, very little is known regarding how the complex epididymal milieu as a whole is maintained, including mechanisms to prevent or control proteins that may not stay in their native folded state following secretion. Because some misfolded proteins can form cytotoxic aggregate structures known as amyloid, it is likely that control/surveillance mechanisms exist within the epididymis to protect against this process and allow sperm maturation to occur. To study protein aggregation and to identify extracellular quality control mechanisms in the epididymis, we used the cystatin family of cysteine protease inhibitors, including cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic and cystatin C as molecular models because both proteins have inherent properties to aggregate and form amyloid. In this chapter, we present a brief summary of protein aggregation by the amyloid pathway based on what is known from other organ systems and describe quality control mechanisms that exist intracellularly to control protein misfolding and aggregation. We then present a summary of our studies of cystatinrelated epididymal spermatogenic （CRES） oligomerization within the epididymal lumen, including studies suggesting that transglutaminase cross-linking may be one mechanism of extracellular quality control within the epididymis. （Asian J Androl 2007 July; 9： 500-507）

关键词： epididymis protein aggregation extracellular quality control cystatin transglutaminase

The epididymis, cytoplasmic droplets and male fertility

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2011年第1期13卷 130-138页

作者： Trevor G Cooper Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology University of MOnster MOnster D-48149 Germany

The potential of spermatozoa to become motile during post-testicular maturation, and the relationship between the cytoplasmic droplet and fertilizing capacity are reviewed. Post-testicular maturation of spermatozoa involves the autonomous induction of motility, which can occur in vivo in testes with occluded excurrent ducts and in vitro in testicular explants, and artefactual changes in morphology that appear to occur in the testis in vitro. Both modifications may reflect time-dependent oxidation of disulphide bonds of head and tail proteins. Regulatory volume decrease （RVD）, which counters sperm swelling at ejaculation, is discussed in relation to loss of cytoplasmic droplets and consequences for fertility. It is postulated that：（i） fertile males possess spermatozoa with sufficient osmolytes to drive RVD at ejaculation, permitting the droplet to round up and pinch off without membrane rupture; and （ii） infertile males possess spermatozoa with insufficient osmolytes so that RVD is inadequate, the droplet swells and the resulting flagellar angulation prevents droplet loss. Droplet retention at ejaculation is a harbinger of infertility caused by failure of the spermatozoon to negotiate the uterotubal junction or mucous and reach the egg. In this hypothesis, the epididymis regulates fertility indirectly by the extent of osmolyte provision to spermatozoa, which influences RVD and therefore droplet loss. Man is an exception, because ejaculated human spermatozoa retain their droplets. This may reflect their short midpiece, approximating head length, permitting a swollen droplet to extend along the entire midpiece; this not only obviates droplet migration and flagellar angulation but also hampers droplet loss.

关键词： epididymis fertility infertility sperm maturation

Androgenic regulation of novel genes in the epididymis

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2007年第4期9卷 545-553页

作者： Bernard Robaire Shayesta Seenundun Mahsa Hamzeh Sophie-Anne Lamour Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics McGill University Montrgal QC H3G1Y6 Canada Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology McGill University Montrgal QC H3G1Y6 Canada

The epididymis is critically dependent on the presence of the testis. Although several hormones, such as retinoids and progestins, and factors secreted directly into the epididymal lumen, such as androgen binding protein and fibroblast growth factor, might play regulatory roles in epididymal function, testosterone （T） and its metabolites, dihydrotestosterone （DHT） and estradiol （E2）, are accepted as the primary regulators of epididymal structure and functions, with the former playing the greater role. To ascertain the molecular action of androgens on the epididymis, three complementary approaches were pursued to monitor changes in gene expression in response to different hormonal milieux. The first was to establish changes in gene expression along the epididymis as androgenic support is withdrawn. The second was to determine the sequence of responses that occur in an androgen deprived tissue upon re-administration of the two metabolites of T, DHT and E2. The third was to study the effects of androgen withdrawal and re-administration on gene expression in immortalized murine caput epididymidal principal cells. Specific responses were observed under each of these conditions, with an expected major difference in the panoply of genes expressed upon hormone withdrawal and re-administration; however, some key common features were the common roles of genes in insulin like growth factor/epidermal growth factor and the relatively minor and specific effects of E2 as compared to DHT. Together, these results provide novel insights into the mechanisms of androgen regulation in epididymal principal cells. （Asian J Androl 2007 July; 9： 545-553）

关键词： epididymis cell culture androgen withdrawal dihydrotestosterone estradiol apoptosis survivin insulin like growth factor

Effect of piperine on the epididymis of adult male rats

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2005年第4期7卷 363-368,页

作者： S.C.D'cruz P.P.Mathur School of Life Sciences Pondicherry UniversityPondicherry 605014India

Aim： To study the effect of piperine on the epididymal antioxidant system of adult male rats. Methods： Adult male rats were orally administered piperine at doses of 1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight each day for 30 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, the rats were weighed and killed with ether and the epididymis was dissected from the bodies. Sperm collected from the cauda region of the epididymis was used for the assessment of its count, motility and viability. Caput, corpus and cauda regions of the epididymis were separated and homogenized separately to obtain 10 % homogenates. The supernatants were used for the assays of sialic acid, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide generation. Results： Body weight of the piperine-treated rats remained unchanged. The weights of the caput, corpus and cauda regions of the epididymis significantly decreased at dose of 100 mg/kg. Epididymal sperm count and motility decreased at 10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, and sperm viability decreased significantly at 100 mg/kg. Sialic acid levels in the epididymis decreased significantly at 100 mg/kg while significant decrease in the cauda region alone was observed at 10 mg/kg. A significant decline in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, along with an increase in hydrogen peroxide generation and lipid peroxidation were observed at 10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. Conclusion： Piperine caused a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and sialic acid levels in the epididymis and thereby increased reactive oxygen species levels that could damage the epididymal environment and sperm function.

关键词： piperine epididymis reactive oxygen species antioxidant enzymes sialic acid

DICER1 regulates antibacterial function of epididymis by modulating transcription of p-defensins

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Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 2019年第5期11卷 408-420页

作者： Chunhua Tang Minjie Ni Shengsong Xie Yao Zhang Chaobao Zhang Zimei Ni Chen Chu Ligang Wu Yuchuan Zhou Yonglian Zhang State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200031 China

DICER1 is a key enzyme responsible for the maturation of microRNAs. Recent evidences suggested that DICER1 and microRNAs expressed in epididymis were involved in the control of male fertility. However, the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we created a mouse line by targeted disruption of Dicerl gene in the principal cells of distal caput epididymis. Our data indicated that a set of β-defensin genes were downregulated by DICER1 rather than by microRNAs. Moreover, DICER1 was significantly enriched in the promoter of β-defensin gene and controlled transcription. Besides, the antibacterial ability of the adult epididymis significantly declined upon Dicerl deletion both in vitro and in vivo. And a higher incidence of reproductive defect was observed in middle-aged Dicerl^-|- males. These results suggest that DICER1 plays an important role in transcription of β-defensin genes, which are associated with the natural antibacterial properties in a microRNA-independent manner, and further impacts the male fertility.

关键词： epididymis antibacterial property DICER1 β-defensin

Comparison of gene expression of the oncogenic Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway components in the mouse and human epididymis

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2015年第6期17卷 1006-1011,I0011页

作者： Kai Wang Ning Li Ching-Hei Yeung Trevor G Cooper Xue-Xia Liu Juan Liu Wen-Ting Wang Yan Li Hui Shi Fu-Jun Liu School of Agriculture Ludong University Yantai Shandong China Central Laboratory Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Yantai Shandong China College of Life Science Yantai University Yantai Shandong China

β-catenin is an integral part of the Wnt signaling pathway and has been linked to tumorigenesis and multiple developmental processes. The high β-catenin expression with low tumor incidence in the human epididymis is thus intriguing. In the present study, the β-catenin gene and protein was found to be highly expressed in the murine caput epididymidis, and the protein mainly localized along the lateral plasma membranes of adjacent epithelial cells throughout both human and mouse epididymides. Furthermore, the adult mouse epididymis was found to express almost all the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway genes that were determined previously by our group in the human organ. Despite the differences in epididymal structure, the similar location of β-catenin and the high concordance of this pathway＇s components＇ gene expression in both the adult human and mouse epididymides make the mouse a suitable animal model for studying the anti-tumor mechanism of the epididymis. In addition, both the mRNA and protein expression of β-catenin shared a similar spatial expression as the mRNA of Rosl, a proto-oncogene and a key developmental regulator of the initial segment of the mouse epididymis. The observations on the parallel temporal expression of β-catenin and Rosl during postnatal development raise the possibility that the canonical Writ signaling pathway has an additional role in the postnatal development of mouse epididymis.

关键词： epididymis postnatal development tumorigenesis Wnt/β-catenin pathway β-catenin