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An assessment of trace metal pollution indicators in soils around oil well clusters

Petroleum Research 2022年第2期7卷 275-285页

作者： Aigberua Omozemoje Ayobami Department of Environment Research and DevelopmentAnal Concept LimitedElelenwoRivers StateNigeria

Due to the metallic ion constituents of crude oil,environmental levels of toxic metals are often exac-erbated when oil is spilt.Biseni community plays host to numerous oil production companies in Bayelsa state,Nigeria.However,the tendency for this clan to be flooded,particularly owing to its lowland fea-tures has continued to negatively impact on the environment.Sometimes,floods are accompanied by spilt residual oil that encroach living areas,thus leading to the contamination of open water bodies,underground water resources,and fish and crop farms.This study surveyed the impact of oil seepages from oil well clusters on the overall soil quality by applying trace metal pollution indicators.Trace metals were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry,and concentration ranged from 5893.0-6263.8 mg/kg,0.03e11.52 mg/kg,3.15e6.46 mg/kg,4.46e58.64 mg/kg,13.61e29.83 mg/kg,0.23e0.73 mg/kg,8.32 e20.69 mg/kg,and 4.24e9.31 mg/kg for iron,copper,nickel,lead,zinc,cadmium,chromium and cobalt respectively.Concentrations were within target limits stipulated by the Department of Petroleum Re-sources,Dutch standard limit and World Health Organization.Zinc and chromium showed the strongest correlation(r¼0.92,p0.05)among the different sampling points.This is evidence that the field area is affected by similar contam-ination source.Whereas,the micro-pollutant metals depicted significant variability(penrichment factor revealed the anthropo-genic origination of lead.Index of geo-accumulation of lead ranged from moderate to heavy contami-nation,with lead recording very high contamination factor,and the degree of contamination depicting considerable risk,especially at the top soil.Pollution load index showed most contamination(moderately polluted)at BNS2.Quantification of contamination showed relative conta

关键词： Biseni community Micro-pollutant metals enrichment factor Index of geo-accumulation Contamination factor Potential ecological risk index Risk index

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Size distributions and sources of elements in particulate matter at curbside,urban and rural sites in Beijing

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2012年第1期24卷 87-94页

作者： Jingchun Duan Jihua Tan Shulan Wang Jimin Hao Fahe Chai State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012China Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China School of Environment Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

Size distributions of 29 elements in aerosols collected at urban,rural and curbside sites in Beijing were studied.High levels of Mn,Ni,As,Cd and Pb indicate the pollution of toxic heavy metals cannot be neglected in Beijing.Principal component analysis （PCA） indicates 4 sources of combustion emission,crust related sources,traffic related sources and volatile species from coal combustion.The elements can be roughly divided into 3 groups by size distribution and enrichment factors method （EFs）.Group 1 elements are crust related and mainly found within coarse mode including Al,Mg,Ca,Sc,Ti,Fe,Sr,Zr and Ba;Group 2 elements are fossil fuel related and mostly concentrated in accumulation mode including S,As,Se,Ag,Cd,Tl and Pb;Group 3 elements are multi-source related and show multi-mode distribution including Be,Na,K,Cr,Mn,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Ga,Mo,Sn and Sb.The EFs of Be,S,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga,Se,Mo,Ag,Cd,Sb,Tl and Pb show higher values in winter than in summer indicating sources of coal combustion for heating in winter.The abundance of Cu and Sb in coarse mode is about 2–6 times higher at curbside site than at urban site indicating their traffic sources.Coal burning may be the major source of Pb in Beijing since the phase out of leaded gasoline,as the EFs of Pb are comparable at both urban and curbside sites,and about two times higher in winter than that in summer.

关键词： ELPI enrichment factor curbside atmosphere heavy metal

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Mercury contamination and accumulation in sediments of the East China Sea

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2010年第8期22卷 1164-1170页

作者： Tien-Hsi Fang Department of Marine Environmental Informatics "National" Taiwan Ocean University

Mercury （Hg） concentrations in sediment samples collected from the inner and middle shelves of the East China Sea （ECS） were analyzed to evaluate Hg contamination levels and to calculate Hg sedimentation rates and total accumulation in the ECS. The range of Hg concentrations in surface sediments of the inner shelf was 26.5–47.6 ng/g, and that for the middle shelf was 4.1–13.9 ng/g. Hg concentrations correlated well with organic carbon contents but varied inversely with sediment grain size. enrichment factors indicated that the whole inner shelf and a small portion of the middle shelf were slightly contaminated by Hg. Hg accumulation rates in the ECS ranged between 0.42–48.7 ng/（cm2·yr）, with higher values observed in the inner shelf. Total Hg accumulation in the calculated area （accounting for 80% of the ECS continental shelf area） ranged from 25 to 30 tons/yr; approximately 51% and 17% of the accumulated Hg mass was deposited in the Yangtze estuarine zone and the inner shelf, respectively.

关键词： Hg contamination enrichment factor accumulation the East China Sea

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Chemical characteristics of precipitation at Nanping Mangdang Mountain in eastern China during spring

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2011年第8期23卷 1350-1358页

作者： Yanli Cheng Ying Liu Mingqun Huo Qian Sun Huixiang Wang Zhongming Chen Yuhua Bai College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China University of International Business and Economics School of lnformation Technology & Management Engineering Beijing 100029 China Centre for Atmosphere Watch and Services Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry ChinaMeteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China.

To study the characteristics of precipitation in eastern China, an automatic sampler was used to collect rainwater samples from 19 precipitation events at Mangdang Mountain, Nanping City, Fujiang Province, in the spring of 2009. We used ion chromatography to analyze the ionic components and concentrations, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） to analyze dement compositions and contents. The results demonstrated remarkable acidic characteristics： in more than 80% of precipitation events the pH was less than 5.6, with an average of 4.81. Mass concentration results showed SO42- was the main anionic component （36.2% of the total anion mass）, while N/-/4＋ was the main cationic component （47.7% of the total cation mass） and main ion for acidity neutralization in the rainwater. Organic acid content accounted for 30.9% of total anion mass. The main trace metals were Ca, K, and Na. The S042-/N03- ratio was 1.4, indicating that precipitation in this region was influenced by complex air pollution - the product of individual coal-burning combined with vehicle exhaust pollution. Correlation analysis of the chemical composition of the precipitation indicated that acidity in this region was determined by a combination of all acidic and neutralization ions rather than any single ion component. The results also showed that Na＋ and C1- contributions were mainly by seawater; Mg2＋ by seawater and crustal materials; the NH4＋, K~, Ca2＋, NO3- and SO42- by anthropogenic sources; the trace metals were from the Earth＇s crust; and organic acids were potentially from combustion of biomass.

关键词： chemical characteristics enrichment factor Mangdang Mountain precipitation

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A four-year investigation on wet deposition in western Thailand

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2008年第4期20卷 441-448页

作者： PANYAKAPO Mallika ONCHANG Rattapon Department of Environmental Science Faculty of ScienceSilpakorn UniversityNakhon PathomThailand 73000.

The investigation of pH variation and the chemical composition of rainwater have been studied from April 2003 to October 2006 at a rural area of Nakorn Pathom Province, western Thailand. The pH value ranged from 4.0 to 7.8 with an average of 6.1. Out of 319 rain events, 72 events were observed in acidic range （pH 〈 5.6）. The pH of rainwater gradually increased over the sampling period. The volume-weighted mean concentrations （ixeq]L） of ion species followed the order： Ca^2＋〉 NH4^＋〉 SO4^2- 〉 HCO3^- 〉 NO3^- 〉 Na^＋〉 Cl^- 〉 CH3COO^- 〉 Mg^2＋〉 K^＋〉 H^＋〉 HCOO^- 〉 PO4^3-. Neutralization factor calculations reveal that Ca^2＋ plays a major role in neutralization processes in this area. enrichment factor calculations indicate that SO4^2-, K^＋, Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋ were originated from non-marine sources. The statistical measure principle component analysis indicates influence of various local emission sources e.g., soil, limestone mines, biomass burning and agricultural emissions, on the chemical composition of rainwater.

关键词： acid rain wet deposition neutralization factor enrichment factor factor analysis

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Rare earth elements distribution in marine sediments of Malaysia coasts

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Journal of Rare Earths 2009年第6期27卷 1066-1071页

作者： Rezaee Ebrahim Saraee Khadijeh Saion B.Elias Abdul Khalik Wood Abdi Mohammad Reza Universiti Putra Malaysia Physics Department Instrumental Technology Division Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research(MINT) Department of physics Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Isfahan

In the east coast Peninsular Malaysia region,sediments are transported by several rivers from the east Malaysia into the South China Sea estuary.In the vicinity of the five river estuaries core sediments were collected in order to investigate rare earth elements(REEs) profile.Core sediments were divided into strata of between 2 to 4 cm intervals and prepared for analyzing by ICP-AES.REE concentrations of 54.3 μg/gr at 24–26 cm in EC4 increased to 114.1 μg/gr at 20–22 cm in EC5.The measured concentration of ...

关键词： enrichment factor rare earth elements marine sediments South China Sea shale average

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Characteristics and environmental significance of rare earth elements in PM2.5 of Nanchang, China

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Journal of Rare Earths 2017年第1期35卷 98-106页

作者：赵阳于瑞莲胡恭任林晓辉刘贤荣 College of Chemical Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 China Environmental Protection Agency of Nanchang City Nanchang 330038 China

Concentrations of sixteen rare earth elements（REEs） in PM2.5 and potential-source samples, collected in Nanchang city in mid-September 2013, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. The results showed that the concentrations of total REEs（ΣREE） ranged from 78.76 to 1351 ng/mg. The order of REEs in PM2.5 samples showed the anthropogenic effects, Ce and Eu were affected more than the other REEs according to the enrichment factors. The results of chondrite-normalized REEs patterns and characteristic parameters showed evident light REEs fractionation, and positive anomalies of Ce and Eu in PM2.5. The other non-local pollution sources affected the PM2.5 samples, according to the triangular diagram of La, Ce and Sm compositions and plot of ΣREE vs δEu. Moreover, plot of（La/Sm）N vs（Gd/Yb）N revealed the effects of local sources. In conclusion, the REEs in potential-source samples were close to the background of local soil, while the REEs in PM2.5 samples in Nanchang city were jointly affected by the investigated local sources and other non-local sources.

关键词： PM2.5 rare earth elements composition characteristics distribution pattern enrichment factor

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Vertical distribution of rare earth elements in a wetland soil core from the Sanjiang Plain in China

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Journal of Rare Earths 2012年第7期30卷 731-738页

作者：程红光郝芳华欧阳威刘少卿林春野杨文静 State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulationand Pollution Control School of EnvironmentBeijing Normal University

The objective of this study was to investigate the vertical distribution of rare earth elements （REEs） in a natural wetland soil core to understand the influence of natural and anthropogenic activities on geochemical behavior of REEs. A natural wetland soil core of 95 cm was collected from the Sanjiang Plain in China and sliced into 5 cm slices for analyses of REEs, Fe, Al, Mn, Sc, Y, and soil organic matter （SOM）. Results indicated that SOM was accumulated in the upper part of the soil core （0 to 20 cm depth）, while Fe and Mn was reductively leached from the upper part of the soil core and accumulated in the low part. The content of total REEs ranged from 137.9 to 225.9 mg/kg in the soil core. Content profiles obtained for all REEs were almost identical except for Ce. The highest contents of REEs generally occurred at about 20 cm depth, but enrichment factor （EF） of REEs except Ce was usually the highest in the surface horizon. Average EF ranged from 1.1 for La to 2.1 for Gd. The pronounced shift in EF occurred at about 40 cm depth and it gradually increased from 40 cm depth to surface （except for Ce）, probably suggesting anthropogenic atmospheric deposition of REEs. In comparison with chondrite, Eu was depleted in all horizons, while Ce was negatively anomalous in the top horizons and positively anomalous in the bottom horizons. This positive anomaly of Ce in the bottom horizons was due to its preferential adsorption on Fe and Mn oxides, relative to other REEs. Although both natural and anthropogenic activi-ties influence the geochemical behaviors of REEs in soils, enrichment or mobility of REEs is low in the natural wetland soil core of the San-jiang Plain.

关键词： wetland soil core rare earth element distribution enrichment factor

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Characteristics of PM_(2.5) in rural areas of southern Jiangsu Province, China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2005年第6期17卷 977-980页

作者： ZHOU Zhen-feng LIU Kang WANG Xiao-rong HUANG Shi-hong School of Environmental Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China Department of Environmental Science Northwest University Xi＇an 710069 China State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse School of the Environment Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China Department of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China

To understand pollution level and possible sources of atmospheric fine particulates in rural areas of southern Jiangsu Province of China, samples of PM2.5 were collected and analyzed in Xueyan Town and Taihu Lake Station over three seasons from July 2002 to January 2003. The mass concentrations of PM2.5 and 14 principal component elements were obtained. The results showed that pollution of PM2.5 was serious and the concentration levels of S, Zn, Pb and As were similar to city. There are different seasonal distribution laws of pollutant elements in PM2.5 between two sampling sites, probably due to contribution of local sources, medium or long distance transportation of fine particulates and complicated meteorological conditions. The enrichment levels of S, Zn, Pb, As, K were high, reflecting the influence of anthropogenic activities. Particularly enrichment level of S was much higher in summer, which was probably related to meteorological condition. The result of principal components analysis showed major sources of PM2.5 included crustal resuspension, coal burning, metal processing industry or waste incineration, vehicular emission, which suggests anthropogenic activities is of important influence on PM2.5 in rural areas of southern Jiangsu Province.

关键词： rural areas PM2.5 sources enrichment factor principal components analysis

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Assessment of the sources of chemical elements in sediment from Arak Mighan Lake

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2014年第2期29卷 159-170页

作者： Feridon GHADIMI Department of Mining Engineering Arak University of TechnologyArakIranP.O. Box 38181-41167Assis.Prof.Dr.

Five sediment zones(20 samples) were collected in Mighan Lake,near Arak city in Markazi province,and were analyzed to reveal element sources and assess the quality of metal contamination.Both anthropogenic and natural origins were identified by correlation,factor,and cluster analyse.According to the enrichment factors(EF) of trace metals(Ba,Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Rb,Sr,Zr,and Zn),three groups were identified.Enriched trace elements included:Ni,Zn,and Sr.Comparisons with contamination degree and benchmark sediment quality criteria and guidelines showed that Mighan Lake has potential for adverse effects on aquatic biota because of Ni,Zn,and Cr.

关键词： enrichment factor Elements Multivariate analysis Mighan Lake Sediment

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