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A Double Threshold energy detection-Based Neural Network for Cognitive Radio Networks

Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2023年第4期45卷 329-342页

作者： Nada M.Elfatih Elmustafa Sayed Ali Maha Abdelhaq Raed Alsaqour Rashid A.Saeed Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Red Sea UniversityPort Sudan33311Sudan Department of Information Technology College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadh11671Saudi Arabia Department of Information Technology College of Computing and InformaticsSaudi Electronic UniversityRiyadh93499Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Engineering College of Computers and Information TechnologyTaif UniversityTaif21944Saudi Arabia Department of Electronics Engineering Sudan University of Science and TechnologyKhartoum11111Sudan

In cognitive radio networks(CoR),the performance of cooperative spectrum sensing is improved by reducing the overall error rate or maximizing the detection probability.Several optimization methods are usually used to optimize the number of user-chosen for cooperation and the threshold selection.However,these methods do not take into account the effect of sample size and its effect on improving CoR performance.In general,a large sample size results in more reliable detection,but takes longer sensing time and increases complexity.Thus,the locally sensed sample size is an optimization problem.Therefore,optimizing the local sample size for each cognitive user helps to improve CoR performance.In this study,two new methods are proposed to find the optimum sample size to achieve objective-based improved(single/double)threshold energy detection,these methods are the optimum sample size N^(*)and neural networks(NN)optimization.Through the evaluation,it was found that the proposed methods outperform the traditional sample size selection in terms of the total error rate,detection probability,and throughput.

关键词： Cognitive radio spectrum sensing energy detection double threshold neural network machine learning optimization quality of service

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The performance of ultra wideband acquisition system based on energy detection over IEEE 802.15.3a channel

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2011年第2期54卷 360-370页

作者： YANG ZhiHua, ZHANG QinYu, ZHANG NaiTong & WANG Ye Communication Engineering Research Center, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China Communication Engineering Research Center Shenzhen Graduate School Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen China

In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework to analyze the performance of ultra wideband acquisition (UWB) system based on energy detection (ED) over IEEE 802.15.3a channel. The proposed framework enables to calculate probability density function (PDF) of square-sum of multipath components (MPCs) gain collected by receiver, and the averaged criteria. In particular, the expectation and variance of the sum variant characterized approximately by log-normal distribution are expressed in a closed form based on cluster point process. Moreover, the calculating methods of averaged criteria, through Markov chain model and signal flow graph, are clearly demonstrated for different applicable scenarios. The proposed framework is well consistent with simulation results with respect to each calculation method.

关键词： UWB energy detection unconditional criterion cluster point process

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Robust and Low-Complexity Synchronization for energy detection UWB Receiver

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Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology 2009年第4期18卷 473-477页

作者：徐湛安建平杨凯刘鹏 School of Information and Electronics Beijing Institute of Technology

A simple method using aided sliding rectangular windows for synchronization in energy detector （ED） receiver is proposed for impulse-based ultra wideband radios （IR-UWB） under binary pulse position modulation （PPM）, therefore grants an attractive solution for gaining low complexity while the accompanying performance loss in terms of UWB signal reception is comparatively low. Also, a method is developed to sup- press noise through accumulation of integrated results before synchronization point is reached. This proposed method can effectively reduce the impact of one of the major performance-degrading factors in ED receivers, i. e., noise caused by heightened noise floor due to large bandwidth product. Our theoretic work on this im- proved synchronization performance and relevant simulations are conducted on IEEE 802.15.4a channel mod- els, and results show that the proposed design scheme can effectively decrease both the probability of false alarm and probability of missed detection.

关键词： energy detection accumulation probability of false alarm probability of missed detection

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Kernel fuzzy c-means clustering on energy detection based cooperative spectrum sensing

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Digital Communications and Networks 2016年第4期2卷 196-205页

作者： Anal Paul Santi P. Maity Department of Information Technology Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur Howrah700 103 India

Cooperation in spectral sensing (SS) offers a fast and reliable detection of primary user (PU) transmission over a frequency spectrum at the expense of increased energy consumption. Since the fusion center (FC) has to handle a large set of data, a cluster based approach, specifically fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM), has been extensively used in energy detection based cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS). However, the performance of FCM degrades at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and in the presence of multiple PUs as energy data patterns at the FC are often found to be non-spherical i.e. overlapping. To address the problem, this work explores the scope of kernel fuzzy c-means (KFCM) on energy detection based CSS through the projection of non-linear input data to a high dimensional feature space. Extensive simulation results are shown to highlight the improved detection of multiple PUs at low SNR with low energy consumption. An improvement in the detection probability by ∼ 6.78 % and ∼ 6.96 % at −15 dBW and −20 dBW, respectively, is achieved over the existing FCM method.

关键词： Cooperative spectrum sensing Kernel fuzzy c-means energy detection Multiple PU detection

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An Algorithm for energy detection Based on Noise Variance Estimation under Noise Uncertainty 14th

An Algorithm for Energy Detection Based on Noise Variance Es...

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2012 IEEE 14th International Conference on Communication Technology

作者： Xiaofeng Hu Xian-Zhong Xie Ting Song Weijia Lei Institute of Personal Communication Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications

ISBN: (纸本)9781467321006

energy detection is popularly used in the detection of idle spectrum because of its simple implement and low complexity.But,the detection performance can be observably affected due to noise uncertainty.Papers have proposed some solutions to resist the effects of noise uncertainty.However,most of these papers are assumed that the noise uncertainty interval is known to the detector,designing algorithms to detect the primary user signal.Few algorithms are designed to estimate the range of the noise uncertainty.This paper presents an algorithm for energy detection based on noise variance estimation that can be relatively accurate estimated the noise uncertainty interval.The simulation results show that in the case of the noise uncertainty interval is unknown to the detector,our proposed algorithm can detect well,which is similar to the theoretical detection,and its complexity is also very low.

关键词： cognitive radio energy detection noise uncertainty noise uncertainty interval estimation two-step sensing

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Research of Double-threshold energy detection with Square-Law Combining over Nakagami Channel

Research of Double-threshold Energy Detection with Square-La...

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“智慧城市和绿色IT”2011年通信与信息技术新进展—...

作者： Peng SHI~1,Wanpei CHEN~1,Zhengquan LI~(1,2,3) 1 Information Engineering College of Yangzhou University 2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Network Technology 3 Information Engineering College of China Jiliang University

＜正＞In this paper a scheme of energy detection is proposed to improve performance of spectrum sensing.At first, Nakagami channel is chosen to imitate wireless channel.Then,double-threshold energy detection algorithm is used to settle the problem of noise uncertainty in actual communication environment.In addition,square-law combining technology is presented because it can solve the problem of low detection probability caused by double-threshold energy detection scheme.Simulation results show that error detection probability can be reduced by using double-threshold energy detection algorithm,and it becomes lower after square-law combining.Further more,square-law combining technology can greatly decrease high miss probability caused by double-threshold energy detection algorithm.

关键词： cognitive radio energy detection Nakagami channel double-threshold square-law combining error detection probability

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Reconfigurable Sensing Time in Cooperative Cognitive Network Using Machine Learning

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第3期74卷 5209-5227页

作者： Noor Gul Saeed Ahmed Su Min Kim Muhammad Sajjad Khan Junsu Kim Department of Electronics Engineering Korea Polytechnic UniversityGyeonggi-do15073Korea Department of Electronics University of PeshawarPeshawar25120Pakistan Deparment of Electrical Engineering Mirpur University of Science of TechnologyAJ&KMirpur10250Pakistan Department of Electrical Engineering International Islamic UniversityIslamabad44000Pakistan

A cognitive radio network(CRN)intelligently utilizes the available spectral resources by sensing and learning from the radio environment to maximize spectrum utilization.In CRNs,the secondary users(SUs)opportunistically access the primary users(PUs)spectrum.Therefore,unambiguous detection of the PU channel occupancy is the most critical aspect of the operations of CRNs.Cooperative spectrum sensing(CSS)is rated as the best choice for making reliable sensing decisions.This paper employs machinelearning tools to sense the PU channels reliably in CSS.The sensing parameters are reconfigured to maximize the spectrum utilization while reducing sensing error and cost with improved channel throughput.The fine-k-nearest neighbor algorithm(FKNN),employed in this paper,estimates the number of samples based on the nature of the channel under-specific detection and false alarm probability demands.The simulation results reveal that the sensing cost is suppressed by reducing the sensing time and exploiting the traditional fusion rules,validating the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.Furthermore,the global decision made at the fusion center(FC)based on the modified sensing samples,results low energy consumption,higher throughput,and improved detection with low error probabilities.

关键词： energy detection machine learning k-nearest-neighbor decision tree linear regression throughput energy consumption

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Analysis of Cognitive Radio for LTE and 5G Waveforms

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2022年第12期43卷 1207-1217页

作者： Ramesh Ramamoorthy Himanshu Sharma A.Akilandeswari Nidhi Gour Arun Kumar Mehedi Masud Centre for Artificial Intelligence Chennai Institute of TechnologyChennaiIndia Department of Computer Science and Engineering JECRC UniversityJaipur303905India Institute of ECE Saveetha School of EngineeringChennaiIndia Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering JECRC UniversityJaipur303905India Department of Computer Science College of Computers and Information TechnologyTaif University11099Saudi Arabia

Spectrum sensing is one of the major concerns in reaching an efficientQuality of service (QOS) in the advanced mobile communication system. Theadvanced engineering sciences such as 5G, device 2 device communications(D2D), Internet of things (IoT), MIMO require a large spectrum for better service.Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is not a choice in advancedradio due to the Cyclic Prefix (CP), wastage of the spectrum, and so on. Hence, itis important to explore the spectral efficient advanced waveform techniques andcombine a cognitive radio (CR) with the 5G waveform to sense the idle spectrum,which overcomes the spectrum issue. The demand for spectrum is ever increasing;however, spectrum is limited and is an acutely scarce resource. To alleviate theissue, techniques like Cognitive Radios (CR) have been devised. However, suchtechniques are non-standardized, and many variations of CR algorithms have beentried and tested. This paper details the several spectrum sensing methods tailoredfor CR. We explain the benefits, uniqueness, and drawbacks of the various techniques to provide a comprehensive review of the scene, including all recent andnovel techniques of CR. Finally, we provided experimental results for the performance of the CR for key 5G and beyond modulation techniques to elaborate thedependency of the CR techniques for CR applications and provide a competitivereview of their performance. Experiments show that the CR integrated withNOMA shows better performance as compared with existing techniques.

关键词： CR energy detection FBMC NOMA OFDM

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Performance analysis of an indoor UWB ranging system

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Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics 2009年第3期20卷 450-456页

作者： Zhang Tingting Zhang Qinyu Zhang Naitong Xu Hongguang School of Electrical and Information Harbin Inst. of Technology Harbin 150001 P. R. China Harbin Inst. of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China

To evaluate the ranging performance of impulse radio ultra wideband （IR-UWB） signals, an experiment is performed in a typical indoor environment. In order to mitigate the ranging error caused by theoretical algorithm and practical circuits, one way-time difference of the arrival （OW-TDOA） ranging method and corresponding approaches are proposed and carried out according to the structure of UWB transceivers. Generalized maximum likelihood （GML） estimator based on energy detection is applied for the time of arrival estimation. The obtained results show that this UWB ranging system can achieve a relative high ranging accuracy in a multipath environment （e.g. about 5 cm at ranges up to 6 m）, which is practical and meaningful for many sensor applications.

关键词： ranging impulse radio ultra wideband time of arrival energy detection multipath

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Wideband Signal detection Based on MWC Discrete Compressed Sampling Structure

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Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2017年第2期34卷 105-114页

作者： Chen Tao Liu Lizhi Guo Limin College of Information and Communication Engineering Harbin Engineering University

In order to solve the cross-channel signal problem caused by the uniform channelized wideband digital receiver when processing wideband signal and the problem that the sensitivity of the system greatly decreases when the bandwidth of wideband digital receiver increases,which both decrease the wideband radar signal detection performance,a new wideband digital receiver based on the modulated wideband converter(MWC)discrete compressed sampling structure and an energy detection method based on the new receiver are proposed.Firstly,the proposed receiver utilizes periodic pseudo-random sequences to mix wideband signals with baseband and other sub-bands.Then the mixed signals are low-pass filtered and downsampled to obtain the baseband compressed sampling data,which can increase the sensitivity of the system.Meanwhile,the cross-channel signal will all appear in any subbands,so the cross-channel signal problem can be solved easily by processing the baseband compressed sampling data.Secondly,we establish the signal detection model and formulate the criterion of the energy detection method.And we directly utilize the baseband compressed sampling data to carry out signal detection without signal reconstruction,which decreases the complexity of the algorithm and reduces the computational burden.Finally,simulation experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed receiver and show that the proposed signal detection method is effective in low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)compared with the conventional energy detection and the probability of detection increases significantly when SNR increases.

关键词： wideband digital receiver cross-channel signal modulated wideband converter(MWC) compressed sampling energy detection

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