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Activity Data and emission factor for Forestry and Other Land Use Change Subsector to Enhance Carbon Market Policy and Action in Malawi

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2024年第4期15卷 401-414页

作者： Edward Missanjo Henry Kadzuwa Department of Environmental Sciences University of Namibia Ogongo Campus Ogongo Namibia Department of Physical Planning and Land Surveying Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences Blantyre Malawi

Activity data and emission factors are critical for estimating greenhouse gas emissions and devising effective climate change mitigation strategies. This study developed the activity data and emission factor in the Forestry and Other Land Use Change (FOLU) subsector in Malawi. The results indicate that “forestland to cropland,” and “wetland to cropland,” were the major land use changes from the year 2000 to the year 2022. The forestland steadily declined at a rate of 13,591 ha (0.5%) per annum. Similarly, grassland declined at the rate of 1651 ha (0.5%) per annum. On the other hand, cropland, wetland, and settlements steadily increased at the rate of 8228 ha (0.14%);5257 ha (0.17%);and 1941 ha (8.1%) per annum, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicate that the “grassland to forestland” changes were higher than the “forestland to grassland” changes, suggesting that forest regrowth was occurring. On the emission factor, the results interestingly indicate that there was a significant increase in carbon sequestration in the FOLU subsector from the year 2011 to 2022. Carbon sequestration increased annually by 13.66 ± 0.17 tCO2 e/ha/yr (4.6%), with an uncertainty of 2.44%. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is potential for a Carbon market in Malawi.

关键词： Activity Data emission factor Climate Change Forestland Carbon Market

Comparative investigation of coal-and oil-fired boilers based on emission factors,ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potentials of VOCs

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2020年第6期32卷 245-255页

作者： Hsi-Hsien Yang Sunil Kumar Gupta Narayan Babu Dhital Lin-Chi Wang Suresh Pandian Elumalai Department of Environmental Engineering and Management Chaoyang University of TechnologyTaichungChinese Taipei Department of Applied Chemistry Chaoyang University of TechnologyTaichungChinese Taipei Department of Environmental Science Patan Multiple CampusTribhuvan UniversityLalitpurNepal Department of Environmental Engineering Chung Yuan Christian UniversityTaoyuanChinese Taipei Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology(Indian School of Mines)DhanbadIndia

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are the important precursors of the tropospheric ozone(O3)and secondary organic aerosols(SOA),both of which are known to harm human health and disrupt the earth’s climate *** this study,VOC emission factors,O3 and SOA formation potentials were estimated for two types of industrial boilers:coal-fired boilers(n=3)and oil-fired boilers(n=3).Results showed that EVOCs concentrations were more than nine times higher for oil-fire d boilers compared to those for coal-fired *** factors ofΣVOCs were found to be higher for oil-fired boilers(9.26-32.83 mg-VOC/kg)than for coal-fired boilers(1.57-4.13 mg-VOC/kg).Alkanes and aromatics were obtained as the most abundant groups in coal-fired boilers,while oxygenated organics and aromatics were the most contributing groups in oil-fired ***,n-hexane and o-ethyl toluene were the abundant VOC species in coal-fired boiler emissions,whereas toluene was the most abundant VOC species emitted from oil-fired boilers.O3 and SOA formation potentials were found 12 and 18 times,respectively,higher for oil-fired than for coal-fired *** OFP ranged from 3.99 to 11.39 mg-O3/kg for coal-fired *** oil-fired boilers,total OFP ranged from 36.16 to 131.93 mg-O3/***,total secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP)ranged from 65.4 to 122.5 mg-SOA/kg and 779.9 to 2252.5 mg-SOA/kg for the coal-fired and oil-fired boilers,respectively.

关键词： Coal-and oil-fired boilers Volatile organic compounds emission factor Ozone formation potential Secondary organic aerosol potential

Investigation on emission factors of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from crop residue burning

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2008年第1期20卷 50-55页

作者： CAO Guoliang ZHANG Xiaoye GONG Sunling ZHENG Fangcheng Center for Atmosphere Watch and Services CMA Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081 China School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering Xi＇an University of Architecture and Technology Xi＇an 710055 China Air Quality Research Division Environment Canada 4905 Dufferin Street Toronto M3H 5T4 Canada

emission factors of particulate matter （PM）, element carbon （EC）, organic carbon （OC）, SO2, NOx, CO, CO2, and ten ions （Na^＋, NH4^＋, K^＋, Mg^2＋, Ca^2＋, Fˉ, Clˉ, NO2ˉ, NO3ˉ, SO42ˉ） were estimated from the domestic burning of four types of commonly produced crop residues in rural China： rice straw, wheat straw, corn stover, and cotton stalk, which were collected from the representative regions across China. A combustion tower was designed to simulate the cooking conditions under which the peasants burned their crop residues in rural China, to measure the emission factors. Results showed that wheat straw had the highest emission factor for the total PM （8.75 g/kg） among the four crop residues, whereas, corn stover and wheat straw have the highest emission factor for EC （0.95 g/kg） and OC （3.46 g/kg）, respectively. Corn stover also presents as having the highest emission factors of NO, NOx, and CO2, whereas, wheat straw, rice straw, and cotton stalk had the highest emission factors of NO2, SO2, and CO, respectively. The water-soluble ions, K^＋ and Clˉ, had the highest emission factors from all the crops. Wheat straw had a relatively higher emission factor of cation species and Fˉ, Clˉ, NO2ˉ than other residues.

关键词： rural China crop residues combustion tower emission factor

TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION OF emissionfactorS IN CHINA

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 1996年第1期6卷 48-60页

作者： Bi Jun(Institute of Geography, CAS, Beijing 100101People’s Republic of China)CC.Yu Peter Rogers(Division of Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, USA) Inst of Geography CAS Beijing 100101 China

emission factor is a measure of pollution intensities caused by economic activities, which can be used to assess potential for pollution reduection. With the emission factors derived based on relatively few datu points or based on data collected from a specfic region, one can predict the total environmental pollution levels for the drire economy or for another region once the total leve of economic actvities of the concemed economy or region is known or prescribed. Moreover,research on emission factors can not only guide the decision-making process in choosing the best environmental protection strategy, but also be used as indicators. for the assessment and comparison of the environmentally sound development. In this paper, emission factors based on output and employment in different periods,provinces and industries are calculated, based on which temporal and spatial analyses of emission factors are carried out. Obvious declining trends of emission factors both by provinces and industries are declared, and the regional differentiation by provinces and industries is also verified.

关键词： emission factor temporal and spatial variation

Temporal-spatial distributions of road silt loadings and fugitive road dust emissions in Beijing from 2019 to 2020

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第10期132卷 56-70页

作者： Haibin Wang Lihui Han Tingting Li Song Qu Yuncheng Zhao Shoubin Fan Tong Chen Haoran Cui Junfang Liu Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control Faculty of Environment and LifeBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing 100124China Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection Beijing 100037China National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control Beijing 100037China

Road silt loading(sL)is an important parameter in the fugitive road dust(FRD)*** this study,the improved Testing Re-entrained Aerosol Kinetic emissions from Roads(TRAKER)combined with the AP-42 method was firstly developed to quickly measure and estimate the sLs of paved roads in Beijing,*** annual average sLs in Beijing was 0.59±0.31 g/m^(2)in 2020,and decreased by 22.4%compared with that in *** seasonal variations of sLs followed the order of spring>winter>summer>autumn in the two *** seasonal mean road sLs on the same type road in the four seasons presented a decline trend from^(2)019 to 2020,especially on the Expressway,decreasing 47.4%-72.7%.The road sLs on the different type roads in the same season followed the order of Major arterial∼Minor arterial∼Branch road>Express road,and Township road∼Country highway>Provincial highway∼National *** emission intensities of PM10 and PM_(2.5)from FRD in Beijing in 2020 were lower than those in *** PM10 and PM_(2.5)emission intensities at the four planning areas in the two years all presented the order of the capital functional core area>the urban functional expansion area>the urban development new area>the ecological conservation and development *** annual emissions of PM10 and PM_(2.5)from FRD in Beijing in 2020 were 74,886 ton and 18,118 ton,respectively,decreasing by∼33.3%compared with those in 2019.

关键词： Road silt loading Temporal-spatial distribution emission factor emission inventory

Data-driven estimates of global nitrous oxide emissions from croplands

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National Science Review 2020年第2期7卷 441-452页

作者： Qihui Wang Feng Zhou Ziyin Shang Philippe Ciais Wilfried Winiwarter Robert B.Jackson Francesco N.Tubiello Greet Janssens-Maenhout Hanqin Tian Xiaoqing Cui Josep G.Canadell Shilong Piao Shu Tao Sino-France Institute of Earth Systems Science Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University European Commission Joint Research Centre International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) The Institute of Environmental Engineering University of Zielona Góra Global Carbon Project CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Statistics Division Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Via Terme di Caracalla International Center for Climate and Global Change Research School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Auburn University Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement LSCE CEA CNRS UVSQ

Croplands are the single largest anthropogenic source of nitrous oxide(NO) globally, yet their estimates remain difficult to verify when using Tier 1 and 3 methods of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC). Here, we re-evaluate global cropland-NO emissions in 1961–2014, using N-rate-dependent emission factors(EFs) upscaled from 1206 field observations in 180 global distributed sites and high-resolution N inputs disaggregated from sub-national surveys covering 15593 administrative units. Our results confirm IPCC Tier 1 default EFs for upland crops in 1990–2014, but give a ～15% lower EF in 1961–1989 and a ～67% larger EF for paddy rice over the full period. Associated emissions(0.82 ±0.34 Tg N yr) are probably one-quarter lower than IPCC Tier 1 global inventories but close to Tier 3 estimates. The use of survey-based gridded N-input data contributes 58% of this emission reduction, the rest being explained by the use of observation-based non-linear EFs. We conclude that upscaling NO emissions from site-level observations to global croplands provides a new benchmark for constraining IPCC Tier 1 and 3 methods. The detailed spatial distribution of emission data is expected to inform advancement towards more realistic and effective mitigation pathways.

关键词： nitrous oxide agricultural soils flux upscaling emission factor emission inventories temporal trend

Characterization of VOC emissions from construction machinery and river ships in the Pearl River Delta of China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2020年第10期32卷 138-150页

作者： Richao Wang Zibing Yuan Junyu Zheng Cheng Li Zhijiong Huang Wenshi Li Yan Xie Yiran Wang Kaiyang Yu Lejun Duan School ofEnuironment and Energy South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510006China Institute for Enironmental and Climate Research Jinan UniuersityGuangzhou 510000China

Speciated characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs),including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs),from construction machinery and river ships in China is currently *** this regard,we conducted field measurement on speciated VOC (including OVOC) emissions from six construction machinery and five river ships in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region to identify VOC emission *** noticed that OVOC emissions from construction machinery and ships accounted for more than 50%of the total VOC emissions,followed by alkenes,aromatics and *** and acetaldehyde were the most emission species,accounting for 61.8%-83.2%of *** construction machinery,the fuel-based emission factors of roller,grader and pile driver were 3.12,3.12 and 7.36 g/kg,*** the rigorous restraint by the national emission standards,VOC emissions of construction machinery had decreased considerably,especially during stageⅢ.Ozone formation potential was also significantly reduced due to the significant decrease in emissions of OVOCs and alkenes with higher *** river ships,the fuel-based emission factors of cargo ships and speedboat were 1.46 and 0.44 g/kg,*** emissions from construction machinery and river ships in Guangdong Province in 2017 were 8851.0 and 4361.0 ton,*** study filled the knowledge gaps of reactive gas emissions from different kinds of non-road mobile sources over the PRD,and more importantly,highlighted the necessity in adding OVOC measurement to give a complete and accurate depiction of reactive gas emissions from non-road mobile sources.

关键词： Construction machinery River ship VOC emissions Formaldehyde emission factor

Investigating aldehyde and ketone compounds produced from indoor cooking emissions and assessing their health risk to human beings

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第5期127卷 389-398页

作者： Wei Zhang Zhe Bai Longbo Shi Jung Hyun Son Ling Li Lina Wang Jianmin Chen Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention(LAP3) Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghai 200433China

Aldehyde and ketone compounds are ubiquitous in the air and prone to adverse effects on human *** emission is one of the major indoor *** to evaluate health risks associated with inhalation exposure to aldehyde and ketone compounds,13 carbonyl compounds(CCs)released from heating 5 edible oils,3 seasonings,and 2 dishes were investigated in a kitchen *** the scenarios of heating five types of oil,aldehydes accounted for 61.1%-78.0%of the total emission,mainly acetaldehyde,acrolein and ***,heating oil with added seasonings released greater concentrations of aldehyde and ketone *** concentration enhancement of larger molecular aldehydes was significantly *** emission factors of aldehyde and ketone compounds for cooking the dish of chili friedmeatweremuch greater compared to that of tomato fried ***,food materials also had a great impact on the aldehyde and ketone *** and acetaldehyde were the most abundant CCs in the *** concentrations ranged from 235.18 to 498.71μg/m^(3),which was about 100 times greater compared to the guidelines provided by Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment(OEHHA).The acetaldehyde inhalation for adultswas 856.83-1515.55μg and 56.23-192.79μg from exposure to chili fried meat and tomato fried eggs,*** exceeds the reference value of 90μg/day provided by *** findings of this study provided scientific evidences for the roles of cooking emissions on indoor air quality and human health.

关键词： Aldehyde and ketone Indoor cooking emission factor Health risk

Characterization particulate matter from several Chinese cooking dishes and implications in health effects

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第10期30卷 98-106页

作者： Lina Wang Xinran Zheng Svetlana Stevanovic Xin Wu Zhiyuan Xiang Mingzhou Yu Jing Liu State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai 200237 China International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health Queensland University of Science and TechnologyShanghai 200237 China The security environmental protection bureau of Ningbo daxie development zone Ningbo 315812 China Department of physics China Jiliang UniversityHangzhou 310018 China School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 250001 China

Cooking fume produced by oil and food at a high temperature releases large amount of fine particulate matter（PM） which have a potential hazard to human health. This chamber study investigated particle emission characteristics originated from using four types of oil（soybean oil, olive oil, peanut oil and lard） and different kinds of food materials（meat and vegetable）. The corresponding emission factors（EFs） of number, mass, surface area and volume for particles were discussed. Temporal variation of size-fractionated particle concentration showed that olive oil produced the highest number PM concentration for the entire cooking process. Multiple path particle dosimetry（MPPD） model was performed to predict deposition in the human respiratory tract. Results showed that the pulmonary airway deposition fraction was the largest. It was also found that particles produced from olive oil led to the highest deposition. We strongly recommend minimizing the moisture content of ingredients before cooking and giving priority to the use of peanut oil instead of olive oil to reduce human exposure to PM.

关键词： Chinese cooking Ultrafine particle Black carbon emission factor Lung deposition