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Greening the Belt and Road Initiative: Evidence from emergy evaluation of China’s provincial trade with ASEAN countries

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Fundamental Research 2024年第2期4卷 379-393页

作者： Xu Tian Joseph Sarkis Wei Chen Yong Geng Haozhi Pan Zuoxi Liu Sergio Ulgiati SJTU-UNIDO Joint Institute of Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development School of International and Public AffairsShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200030China Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester MA 01609-2280USA School of Geography and Environment Shandong Normal UniversityJinan 250358China School of International and Public Affairs Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200030China Key Laboratory of Clean Energy of Liaoning School of Energy and EnvironmentShenyang Aerospace UniversityShenyang 110136China Department of Science and Technology Parthenope University of NapoliNaples 80143Italy School of Environment Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

The Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)is a central policy within China’s regional development and foreign trade strategy.Traditional trade has typically depended on economic valuation of resources,while the embedded environmental value is rarely considered.This situation exists in most BRI trade evaluations.To address BRI environmental sustainability issues,we consider the role of pivotal Chinese provinces and their key trade partners(ASEAN countries)as an illustration for the environmental value of resource exchanges.emergy accounting is used as the valuation tool for a sample period of seventeen years.Key results include:(1)emergy valuations show sustainability of sample provinces decreased over time;(2)ASEAN countries such as Indonesia,Malaysia,Singapore,Thailand,and Vietnam play significant resource roles for provincial economic systems;(3)Diverse trends in trade between pivotal provinces and ASEAN countries resulted in an unbalanced trade structure from trade.Policy implications are proposed to promote a more globally sustainable and fair trade using BRI as an established trade policy.

关键词： International trade emergy Belt and road initiative Environmental sustainability Province

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emergy evaluation of aromatics production from methanol and naphtha

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022年第6期35卷 134-141页

作者： Siyue Ren Xiao Feng School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China

Aromatics are traditionally produced by the catalytic reforming of naphtha.However,with the demand of aromatics increasing and the reserves of petroleum resources declining,measures should be made to reduce the dependence of aromatics production on petroleum resources.Methanol-to-aromatics is proved to be an effective way to replace traditional naphtha-to-aromatics path.In order to compare the economic and environmental performance of aromatics production from naphtha and methanol,this paper carries out an emergy evaluation for each system by sorting out the simulation and literature data.Based on the emergy data collected,the emergy indices of each system are calculated.The results show that the sustainabilities of methanol-to-aromatics systems are higher than that of the naphtha-toaromatics system,indicating the advantages of aromatics production from methanol.Among the methanol-to-aromatics systems,the aromatics from biomass-methanol system has the highest sustainability,indicating that the biomass based methanol-to-aromatics system is worth promoting.The sustainability indexes of methanol-to-aromatics systems based on coal and coke oven gas are less than 1,which means unsustainable.Meanwhile,the sustainability of natural gas based system is slightly higher than 1.The economic and environmental benefits of these systems can be optimized by improving resource utilization and reducing investment costs.Furthermore,the combination of different raw materials for methanol production should be considered.

关键词： Aromatics production Naphtha Methanol emergy Sustainability

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New emergy indices for sustainable development

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2003年第4期15卷 562-569页

作者： LUHong-fang LANSheng-fang LILei PENGShao-lin SouthChinaInstituteofBotany ChineseAcademyofSciencesGuangzhou510650China. SouthChinaAgriculturalUniversity Guangzhou510642China)

The emergy indices for the evaluation of system's sustainable development ability were studied. Results indicated that the emergy indices are simplified and merged, and a new emergy index for sustainable development(EISD) is deduced. Employing EISD, two cases are conducted. The first one is to compare three different dike pond agro ecological engineering modes, which are: melon melon cabbage four domestic fishes(mode Ⅰ), melon melon cabbage pig four domestic fishes (mode Ⅱ) and melon melon cabbage pig four domestic fishes combined with Siniperca chuatsi B. ( mode Ⅲ). The result is that the EISD of mode Ⅰ is 0.53. ModeⅡ's EISD is 5.26 times of mode Ⅰ, and mode Ⅲ's EISD is 6.83 times of mode Ⅰ. The second one is to evaluate the development of Zhongshan City, Pearl Delta, during 1996 to 2000. The result indicated that the EISD of Zhongshan had appreciably declined from 1996 to 1998, and quickly improved from 1998 to 2000, partly because of its environment protection and product construction. Both of the two cases studies showed that EISD can assessment the sustainable development ability more roundly, with the consideration of environmental impact and social\|economic effect at the same time.

关键词： indices emergy sustainable development

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Assessments on emergy and greenhouse gas emissions of internal combustion engine automobiles and electric automobiles in the USA

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2020年第4期32卷 297-309页

作者： Ran Jing Chen Yuan Hamidreza Rezaei Jin Qian Zhen Zhang College of Natural Resources and Environment Joint Institute for Environmental Research&EducationSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Maryland at College ParkMD20742USA Research&Development Institute in Shenzhen&School of Natural and Applied Sciences Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China

Increasing energy consumption in the transportation sector results in challenging greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and environmental problems.This paper involved integrated assessments on GHG emissions and emergy of the life cycle for the internal combustion engine(ICE)and electric automobiles in the USA over the entire assumed fifteen-year lifetime.The hotspots of GHG emissions as well as emergy indices for the major processes of automobile life cycle within the defined system boundaries have been investigated.The potential strategies for reducing GHG emissions and emergy in the life cycle of both ICE and electric automobiles were further proposed.Based on the current results,the total GHG emissions from the life cycle of ICE automobiles are 4.48 E+07 kg CO2-e which is320 times higher than that of the electric automobiles.The hotspot area of the GHG emissions from ICE and electric automobiles are operation phase and manufacturing process,respectively.Interesting results were observed that comparable total emergy of the ICE automobiles and electric automobiles have been calculated which were 1.54 E+17 and 2.20 E+17 sej,respectively.Analysis on emergy index evidenced a better environmental sustainability of electric automobiles than ICE automobiles over the life cycle due to its higher ESI.To the authors’knowledge,it is the first time to integrate the analysis of GHG emissions together with emergy in industrial area of automobile engineering.It is expected that the integration of emergy and GHG emissions analysis may provide a comprehensive perspective on eco-industrial sustainability of automobile engineering.

关键词： emergy emergy Index Electric automobiles Greenhouse gas emissions Internal combustion engine automobiles

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emergy evaluation of the contribution of irrigation water, and its utilization, in three agricultural systems in China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2014年第3期8卷 325-337页

作者： Dan CHEN Zhaohui LUO Michael WEBBER Jing CHEN Weiguang WANG Key Laboratory of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil-Water Environment in Southern China (Ministry of Education) College of Water Conservancy and Hvdrooower Engineering Hohai University Nanjing 210098 China Department of Resource Management and Geography The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia College of Resources and Environmental Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China College of Hydrology and Water Resources Hohai University Nanjing 210098 China

emergy theory and method are used to evaluate the contribution of irrigation water, and the process of its utilization, in three agricultural systems. The agricultural systems evaluated in this study were rice, wheat, and oilseed rape productions in an irrigation pumping district of China. A corresponding framework for emergy evaluation and sensitivity analysis methods was proposed. Two new indices, the fraction of irrigation water （FIW）, and the irrigation intensity of agriculture （IIA）, were developed to depict the contribution of irrigation water. The calculated FIW indicated that irrigation water used for the rice production system （34.7%） contributed more than irrigation water used for wheat （5.3%） and oilseed rape （11.2%） production systems in a typical dry year. The wheat production with an IIA of 19.0 had the highest net benefit from irrigation compared to the rice （2.9） and oilseed rape （8.9） productions. The transformities of the systems＇ products represented different energy efficiencies for rice （2.50E ＋ 05 sej .J^-1）, wheat （1.66E ＋ 05 sej .J^-1） and oilseed rape （2.14E ＋ 05 sej .J^-1） production systems. According to several emergy indices, of the three systems evaluated, the rice system had the greatest level of sustainability. However, all of them were less sustainable than the ecological agricultural systems. A sensitivity analysis showed that the emergy inputs of irrigation water and nitrogenous fertilizer were the highest sensitivity factors influencing the emergy ratios. Best Management Practices, and other agroecological strategies, could be implemented to make further improvements in the sustainability of the three systems.

关键词： emergy evaluation irrigation agriculture,sustainability

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emergy-based environmental accounting toward a sustainable Mongolia

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2017年第10期27卷 1227-1248页

作者： LI Haitao BROWN Mark Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS Beijing 100101 China Center for Environmental Policy Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment University of Florida Gainesville FI 32611 USA

An emergy-based environmental accounting of Mongolia is presented based on the data from 1995 to 2012. By calculating natural and economic inputs and a series of emergy indicators, this paper discusses Mongolia＇s resource use structure, economic situation, trade status and societal sustainability. The results show that the total emergy use for Mongolia changed from 2.83×10^22 sej in 1995 to 4.96×10^22 sej in 2012, representing a 75% increase over the 18 years of this study, yet its emergy per capita remains one of the lowest in the world （1.74× 10^16 sej/capita）. The emergy money ratio （EMR） of Mongolia during 1995-2012 decreased from 1.99×10^13 sej/USD to 7.75×10^12 sej/USD, which indicates that the power of a dollar for purchasing real wealth in Mongolia was declining, while the relatively high absolute values compared to its trading partners and even the world average EMR suggests that Mongolia is continuing a trade disadvantage. Mongolia＇s emergy exchange ratio is increasingly less than one to the point that in 2012 the ratio was 0.3 suggesting that the exported emergy was over 3.3 times greater than the imported emergy. The growing dependence on imports and the dramatic increase in exports suggests that Mongolia＇s economy is increas- ingly vulnerable to downturns in the world economy.

关键词： emergy resources sustainability Mongolia

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emergy-based sustainability assessment of Inner Mongolia

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2012年第5期22卷 843-858页

作者： ZHU Luping LI Haitao CHEN Jiquan JOHN Ranjeet LIANG Tao YAN Maochao Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS Beijing 100101 China Department of Environmental Sciences The University of Toledo Toledo OH 43606 USA International Ecological Research Center Zhejiang University of Agriculture and Forestry Hangzhou 311300 China

An integrated environmental accounting of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region （IMAR） is presented in this paper based on emergy analysis with data from 1987 to 2007. Through calculating environmental and economic inputs and a series of emergy indicators, this paper discusses IMAR＇s resource use structure, economic situation, and trade status. The results show that more than 85% of the emergy used in IMAR was derived from home sources, indicating a strong capacity for self-sufficiency. Concentrate,J-used local non-renewable emergy, which provides IMAR economy with most of the driving forces, took the largest share in total emergy use after 2004 and reached 58% in 2007. The Western China Development Plan of 2000 ushered in a rapid growth of coal and electricity production and exportation to other regions of China from IMAR. The export/import emergy ratio of IMAR reached 3.46 in 2007, with the coal exported （3.44x1023 sej in 2007） without being used by IMAR itself, accounting for almost 100% of the difference between the imports and exports. The results also show that from 1987 to 1998, EmSI values remained higher than 10, sug- gesting underdevelopment in IMAR; after 1998, EmSI values decreased sharply from 19.07 in 1998 to 1.88 in 2007, indicating that IMAR is characterized by medium-run sustainability and is relying more on non-renewable resources and imports.

关键词： emergy resources sustainability Inner Mongolia

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A joint use of emergy evaluation, carbon footprint and economic analysis for sustainability assessment of grain system in China during 2000–2015

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2018年第12期17卷 2822-2835页

作者： WANG Xiao-long WANG Wei GUAN Yue-shan XIAN Yuan-ran HUANG Zhi-xin FENG Hai-yi CHEN Yong College of Agriculture South China Agricultural University

The rapid growth of grain yield in China accelerates a discussion on whether the grain system in China is sustainable. To answer the question, a comprehensive assessment from economic and environmental points is necessary. This study jointly used economic analysis(ECA), emergy evaluation(EME) and carbon footprint(CF) to analyze the environmental and economic sustainability of the grain production system in China based on the national statistical data during 2000–2015. Results showed that the costs of maize, wheat, rice and soybean had increased by 252-346% from 2000 to 2015, causing the lower profit of grain system in recent years. The situation resulted in a serious problem on economic sustainability of grain system in China. Meanwhile, the emergy sustainability index(ESI) of maize, wheat, rice and soybean systems were increasing during 2000–2015, and the CF on unit yield of the crops had been reduced by 10-30% in the study period. The results reflected the improved environmental sustainability of grain system in China during 2000–2015. Nevertheless, the emergy flow of industrial inputs for the crops were increased by 4-22% in the study period, and the CF from the inputs presented a growth rate of 16-23% as well during the same period. The results implied that the grain system in China was relying more on fossil-based inputs. Finally, according to the key points of cost, emergy and CF, we suggest that improving labor efficiency, advanced agricultural practices and optimizing cropping pattern will be effective ways to further improve the economic and environmental sustainability of grain system in China.

关键词： grain sustainability emergy profit carbon footprint time-series

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Comprehensive emergy evaluation and optimization of corn straw power generation system: a case study

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Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment 2019年第2期17卷 135-144页

作者： Qingsong Wang Zhenlei Gao Xueliang Yuan Juntao Wang Mansen Wang School of Energy and Power Engineering Shandong UniversityJinanChina General Office Ecology and Environment Bureau of WeifangWeifangChina Medical Data Research Center Providence Health&ServicesPortlandORUSA

Biomass energy has become an important measure to alleviate ecological environment security and energy supply security in China.emergy accounting method is used to analyze and evaluate economy,environment,and sustainability of corn straw generation system,which includes corn planting subsystem,collection and transportation subsystem,and corn straw power generation subsystem.The key substances that need to be optimized in the system are identified by using sensitivity analysis.Based on the position of key substances in the system,emergy accounting optimization methodology is conducted.Corresponding optimization design scheme is proposed based on the '3R' (reduce,reuse,and recycle) principle of circular economy.Current study shows that emergy yield ratio,emergy investment ratio,environmental loading ratio,and emergy sustainability index of the corn straw power generation system are 3.69,2.68,1.61,and 2.29,respectively,which are better than wind power generation system and thermal power generation system.In addition,it is proposed that the fertilizer alternative plan and the transportation redesign plan can replace 50,000 tons potash and reduce equipment resources by 20% and energy resources input by 30%.Economy and sustainable development of the system is significantly improved.The optimization design method based on the '3R' principle proposed in this paper can provide a useful reference for the research in the field of resource recycling.

关键词： emergy analysis sensitivity analysis sustainable development resource design

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An emergy evaluation of the seven years’development of Qianyanzhou ecological experimental station

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 1998年第3期8卷 20-35页

作者： YAN Maichao Commission for Integrated Survey of Natural Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101 CHINA H T O dum Center for Environmental Policy, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville,

An emergy (spelled with an “m”) evaluation of Qianyanzhou ecological station was performed in order to study its progress during 7 years' development, using changes of emergy inputs and outputs emergy indices of Qianyanzhou were evaluated and compared with those from other countries The comparison showed that Qianyanzhou may be developing optimum use of its natural resources

关键词： emergy Qianyanzhou comparative analysis

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