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How does atmospheric elevated co2 affect crop pests and their natural enemies？ Case histories from China

Insect Science 2011年第4期18卷 393-400页

作者： Yu-Cheng Sun Jin Yin Fa-Jun Chen Gang Wu Feng Ge State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Department of Entomology College of Plant Protection Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing college of Plant Sciences and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China

Global atmospheric co2 concentrations have risen rapidly since the Industrial Revolution and are considered as a primary factor in climate change. The effects of elevated co2 on herbivore insects were found to be primarily through the co2-induced changes occurring in their host plants, which then possibly affect the intensity and frequency of pest outbreaks on crops. This paper reviews several ongoing research models using primary pests of crops （cotton bollworm, whitefly, aphids） and their natural enemies （ladybeetles, parasitoids） in China to examine insect responses to elevated co2. It is generally indicated that elevated co2 prolonged the development of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, a chewing insect, by decreasing the foliar nitrogen of host plants. In contrast, the phloemsucking aphid and whitefly insects had species-specific responses to elevated co2 because of complex interactions that occur in the phloem sieve elements of plants. Some aphid species, such as cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii and wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae, were considered to represent the only feeding guild to respond positively to elevated co2 conditions. Although whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, a major vector of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, had neutral response to elevated co2, the plants became less vulnerable to the virus infection under elevated co2. The predator and parasitoid response to elevated co2 were frequently idiosyncratic. These documents from Chinese scientists suggested that elevated co2 initially affects the crop plant and then cascades to a higher trophic level through the food chain to encompass herbivores （pests）, their natural enemies, pathogens and underground nematodes, which disrupt the natural balance observed previously in agricultural ecosystems.

关键词： aphid cotton bollworm elevated co2 fitness whitefly

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Leaf temperature of soybean grown under elevated co2 increases Aphis glycines （Hemiptera＂ Aphididae） population growth

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Insect Science 2011年第4期18卷 419-425页

作者： Bridget F. O'Neill Arthur R. Zangerl Evan H. DeLucia Clare Casteel Jorge A. Zavala May R. Berenbaum Departments ofEntomology University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana Illinois USA Departments of Plant Biology University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana Illinois USA Departments of Institute of Genomic Biology University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana Illinois USA consejo Nacional de InvesUgaciones Cientificas y Technicas Catedra de Bioquimica Facultad de Agronomia University of Buenos Aires Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina Buenos Aires Argentina

Plants grown under elevated carbon dioxide （co2） experience physiological changes that influence their suitability as food for insects. To determine the effects of living on soybean （Glycine max Linnaeus） grown under elevated co2, population growth of the soybean aphid （Aphis glycines Matsumura） was determined at the SoyFACE research site at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA, grown under elevated （550μL/L） and ambient （370 μL/L） levels of co2. Growth of aphid populations under elevated co2 was significantly greater after 1 week, with populations attaining twice the size of those on plants grown under ambient levels of co2. Soybean leaves grown under elevated levels of co2 were previously demonstrated at SoyFACE to have increased leaf temperature caused by reduced stomatal conductance. To separate the increased leaf temperature from other effects of elevated co2, air temperature was lowered while the co2 level was increased, which lowered overall leaf temperatures to those measured for leaves grown under ambient levels of co2. Aphid population growth on plants grown under elevated co2 and reduced air temperature was not significantly greater than on plants grown under ambient levels of co2. By increasing Glycine max leaf temperature, elevated co2 may increase populations of Aphis glycines and their impact on crop productivity.

关键词： Aphis glycines Matsumura elevated co2 Glycine max Linnaeus leaftemperature

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Growth responses of gypsy moth larvae to elevated co2： the influence of methods of insect rearing

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Insect Science 2011年第4期18卷 409-418页

作者： Lan-Zhu Ji Lin-Li An Xiao-Wei Wang Biodiversity Group Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China

The effects of elevated co2 on foliar chemistry of two tree species （Populus pseudo-simonii Kitag. and Betula platyphylla） and on growth of gypsy moth （Lymantria dispar L.） larvae were examined. Furthermore, we focused on the comparison of results on the growth responses of larvae obtained from two methods of insect rearing, the nochoice feeding trial performed in the laboratory or in situ in open-top chambers. On the whole, both primary and secondary metabolites in the leaves of the two tree species were significantly affected by main effects of time （sampling date）, co2 and species. elevated co2 significantly increased the C： N ratio and concentrations of the soluble sugar, starch, total nonstructural carbohydrates, total phenolics and condensed tannins, but significantly decreased the concentration of nitrogen. Higher contents of total phenolics and condensed tannins were detected in the frass of larvae reared in elevated co2 treatments. Overall, the growth of gypsy moth larvae were significantly inhibited by elevated co2 and co2- induced changes in leaf quality. Our study did not indicate the two methods of insect rearing could influence the direction of effects of elevated co2 on the growth of individual insects; however, the magnitude of negative effects of elevated co2 on larval growth did differ between the two insect rearing methods, and it seems that the response magnitude was also mediated by larval age and host plant species.

关键词： elevated co2 leaf quality Lymantria dispar no-choice feeding open-topchamber

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Plant phenolics mediated bottom-up effects of elevated co2 on Acyrthosiphon pisum and its parasitoid Aphidius avenae

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Insect Science 2020年第1期27卷 170-184页

作者： Hong-Yu Yan Hong-Gang Guo Yu-Cheng Sun Feng Ge State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina

elevated concentrations of atmospheric co2 can alter plant secondary metabolites,which play important roles in the interactions among plants,herbivorous insects and natural ***,few studies have examined the cascading effects of host plant secondary metabolites on tri-trophic interactions under elevated co2(eco2).In this study,we determined the effects of eco2 on the growth and foliar phenolics of Medicago truncatula and the cascading effects on two color genotypes oiAcyrthosiphon pisum(pink ***)and their parasitoid Aphidius avenae in the field open-top *** results showed that eco2 increased photosynthetic rate,nodule number,yield and the total phenolic content of ***2 had contrasting effects on two genotypes of ***;the green genotype demonstrated increased population abundance,fecundity,growth and feeding efficiency,while the pink genotype showed decreased fitness and these were closely associated with the foliar genstein ***,eco2 decreased the parasitic rate of *** independent of aphid ***2 prolonged the emergence time and reduced the emergence rate and percentage of females when associated with the green genotype,but little difference,except for increased percentage of females,was observed in *** under eco2 when associated with the pink genotype,indicating that parasitoids can perceive and discriminate the qualities of aphid *** concluded that eco2 altered plant phenolics and thus the performance of aphids and *** results indicate that plant phenolics vary by different abiotic and biotic stimuli and could potentially deliver the cascading effects of eco2 to the higher trophic *** results also suggest that the green genotype is expected to perform better in future eco2 because of decreased plant resistance after its infestation and decreased parasitic rate.

关键词： Acyrthosiphon pisum:Aphidius avenae elevated co2 Medicago truncatula' phenolics tri-trophic level

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Influences of elevated co2 and pest damage on the allocation of plant defense compounds in Bt-transgenic cotton and enzymatic activity of cotton aphid

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Insect Science 2011年第4期18卷 401-408页

作者： Gang Wu Fa-Jun Chen Neng-Wen Xiao Feng Ge State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing coflege of Plant Sciences and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Department of Entomology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing China

Plant allocation to defensive compounds by elevated co2-grown nontransgenic and transgenic Bt cotton in response to infestation by cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii （Glover） in open-top chambers under elevated co2 were studied. The results showed that significantly lower foliar nitrogen concentration and Bt toxin protein occurred in transgenic Bt cotton with and without cotton aphid infestation under elevated co2. However, significantly higher carbon/nitrogen ratio, condensed tannin and gossypol were observed in transgenic Bt cotton ＂GK-12＂ and non-transgenic Bt cotton ＇Simian-3＇ under elevated co2. The co2 level and cotton variety significantly influenced the foliar nitrogen, condensed tannin and gossypol concentrations in the plant leaves after feeding by A. gossypii. The interaction between co2 level x infestation time （24 h, 48 h and 72 h） showed a significant increase in cotton condensed tannin concentrations, while the interaction between co2 level x cotton variety significantly decreased the true choline esterase （TChE） concentration in the body ofA. gossypi. This study exemplified the complexities of predicting how transgenic and non-transgenic plants will allocate defensive compounds in response to herbivorous insects under differing climatic conditions. Plant defensive compound allocation patterns and aphid enzyme changes observed in this study appear to be broadly applicable across a range of plant and herbivorous insect interactions as co2 atmosphere rises.

关键词： Aphis gossypii condensed tannin elevated co2 gossypol plant allocation,transgenic Bt cotton

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Effects of elevated co2 and plant genotype on interactions among cotton, aphids and parasitoids

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Insect Science 2011年第4期18卷 451-461页

作者： Yu-Cheng Sun Li Feng Feng Gao Feng Ge State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China

Effects of co2 level （ambient vs. elevated） on the interactions among three cotton （Gossypium hirsutum） genotypes, the cotton aphid （Aphis gossypii Glover）, and its hymenoptera parasitoid （Lysiphlebiajaponica Ashrnead） were quantified. It was hypothesized that aphid-parasitoid interactions in crop systems may be altered by elevated co2, and that the degree of change is influenced by plant genotype. The cotton genotypes had high （M9101）, medium （HZ401） and low （ZMS13） gossypol contents, and the response to elevated co2 was genotype-specific. elevated C02 increased the ratio of total non-structural carbohydrates to nitrogen （TNC ： N） in the high-gossypol genotype and the mediumgossypol genotype. For all three genotypes, elevated co2 had no effect on concentrations of gossypol and condensed tannins. A. gossypii fitness declined when aphids were reared on the high-gossypol genotype versus the low-gossypol genotype under elevated co2. Furthermore, elevated co2 decreased the developmental time of L. japonica associated with the high-gossypol genotype and the low-gossypol genotype, but did not affect parasitism or emergence rates. Our study suggests that the abundance of A. gossypii on cotton will not be directly affected by increases in atmospheric co2. We speculate that A. gossypii may diminish in pest status in elevated coz and high-gossypol genotype environments because of reduced fitness to the high-gossypol genotype and shorter developmental time of L. japonica.

关键词： Aphis gossypii cotton genotype elevated co2 gossypol Lysiphlebiajaponica tritrophic interaction

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Effects of elevated co2 on the foraging behavior of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera

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Insect Science 2005年第5期12卷 359-365页

作者： FA-JUN CHEN GANG WU JUN LUE FENG GE State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing Plant Protection Department Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China

Effects of elevated co2 on the foraging behavior of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa arrnigera Hübner reared on milky grains of spring wheat grown in ambient, 550μL/L and 750μL/L co2 concentration atmospheres in open-top chambers （OTC） were studied. The results indicated that：（i） elevated co2 significantly affected both the type and amount of food eaten by *** reared on milky grains of ambient co2-grown wheat were significant higher than those for bollworm larvae reared on wheat grains grown in 550 and 750μL/L co2 atmospheres; （ii） when bollworm larvae were reared on mixed milky grains from different co2-grown wheat （food-choice condition）, larval duration increased significantly-pupal weight, adult longevity, and fecundity decreased significantly, comparing with those reared on milky grains of ambient co2-grown wheat, 550μL/L co2-grown wheat and 750μL/L co2-grown wheat respectively; （iii） significant decreases in the contents of fructose and gross protein （GP） and significant increases in the contents of glucose, amylose, total saccharides （TSC）, TSC： GP ratio, free amino acids and soluble protein in the wheat grains with co2 rising; （iv） and selected-foraging amount/food-choice index of cotton bollworm *** were significantly positive correlated with the contents of fructose and GP of wheat grains, but they had significantly negative relationships with the contents of glucose, amylose, TSC and TSC： GP ratio of wheat grains.

关键词： elevated co2 foraging behavior Helicoverpa armigera open-top chamber spring wheat

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Ecological consequences of elevated co2 and Bt cotton on Soil collembola

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2013年第9期3卷 737-744页

作者： Liang Chang Baifeng Wang Xianghui Liu Feng Ge State Key Laboratory of lntegrated Management of Pest and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130102 China

Transgenic cotton was modified to express a gene derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） to combat agriculturally important Lepidopteran pests. elevated co2 is expected to further alter the chemical composition of the plant, and this change may affect the role soil fauna plays in decomposition of Bt plants. A 3 months litterbag field study, consisting of four treatments using leaves from Bt cotton and near-isolines of non-Bt cotton grown under ambient and elevated co2 levels, was conducted to investigate the abundance and community structure of soil collembola that developed on the decaying leaf material. A total of 4,884 collembolans, including 13 genera of five families, were extracted in the present study. These results suggest that collembolan distribution was relatively uniform among the Bt cotton, elevated concentration of co2 and control treatments, except for a significant difference in the densities of Onychiurus and Folsomides. No significant effects were detected in the decomposition rate between the two cotton varieties and two co2 treatments. These findings indicated that transgenic Bt cotton plants and elevated co2 do not have any adverse effect on the soil collembolans through the decomposition way in soil ecosystem.

关键词： Bt cotton collembola decomposition elevated co2 litterbag.

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Physiological response of main tree species in urban forest to elevated co2 and O3 concentration

Physiological response of main tree species in urban forest ...

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第二届中国林业学术大会——S10林业与气候变化

作者： He Xingyuan1,2,Xu Sheng1,Chen Wei1,Tao Dali1(1.Institue of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang,110016,China 2.Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Changchun,130012,China)

In recent years,many studies related to urban forest and climate change were carried out by our works based on "forest city" is constructing in Shenyang city,the biggest city in the northeast of *** using of open top chambers（OTCs） for simulating global climate change,the responses of growth,photosynthesis,antioxidative system,endogenous hormones,secondary metabolism to the simulated elevated co2 and elevated O3 concentration were studied for the four major urban tree species:Ginkgo biloba,Pinus tabulaeformis,Quercus mongolica and Pinus *** photosynthesis and growth of trees increased by elevated co2 but decreased by elevated O3 and the adverse effect of elevated O3 was compensated by elevated *** O3 increased activities of antioxidative enzymes in leaves of ***,and ***,and the elevated co2 had no significant effect on *** porducts of secondary metablisms show significant differences in different tree species in urban *** was the major volatile organic compounds（VOCs） from *** and ***,and monoterpene was the major volatiles emitted mostly from *** and *** co2 significantly increased the emission rate of isoprene from ***,and elevated O3 increased the emission rates of both isoprene and *** results would provide some scientific bases for the selection of urban tree species and the building of climate model in accordance with the predicted climatic change in future.

关键词： climate change elevated co2 elevated O3 tree secies selection urban forest

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Responses of soil microorganisms to elevated co2 in experiment sites of Pinus sylvestriformis and Pinus koraiensis

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Journal of Forestry Research 2005年第3期16卷 219-222页

作者： JIA Xia HAN Shi-jie ZHOU Yu-mei Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 P. R. China college of Earth Seience and Land Resottrces Management Chang＇an University Xi＇an 710064 P R. China Gradnate Academy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 P R. China

Responses of soil microbial activities to elevated co, in experiment sites of Pinus sylvestriformis and Pinus koratensts seecllmgs were studied in summer in 2003. The results indicated the number of bacteria decreased significantly （p 〈 0.05） under elevated co, for Pinus syivestriformis and Pinups koraiensis. Amylase and invertase activities in soil increased for Pinus syivestriformis and decreased for Pinus koraiensis with co2 enrichment compared with those at ambient （350 pmol·mol^-1）. The size of microbial biomass C also decreased significantly at 700 μmol- mol^-1 co2. Bacterial community structure had some evident changes under elevated co, by DGGE （Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis） analysis of bacterial 16S rDNA gene fragments amplified by PCR from DNA extracted directly from soil. The results suggested that responses of soil microorganisms to elevated co2 would be related to plant species exposed to elevated co2.

关键词： Bacterial community Bacterial numbers elevated co2 Soil enzyme activity.

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