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Pollution characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM_(2.5) in Xiamen,China

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2011年第8期23卷 1342-1349页

作者： Fuwang Zhang Jinping Zhao Jinsheng Chen Ya Xu Lingling Xu Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen 361021 China. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Xiamen, located on the southeastern coastal line of China, is undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization, so its air quality has a trend of degradation. However, studies on level, temporal and spatial changes of fine particles （PM2.5） and their carbonaceous fractions are scarce. In this article, abundance, sources, seasonal and spatial variations, distribution of organic carbon （OC） and elemental carbon （EC） in PM2.5, were studied at suburban, urban and industrial sites in Xiamen during four season-representative months in 2009-2010. PM2.5 samples were collected with middle volume sampler and were analyzed for OC and EC with thermal optical transmittance （TOT） method. Results showed that the annual average PM2.5 concentrations were 63.88-74.80 Ixg/m3 at three sites. While OC and EC concentrations were in the range of 15.81-19.73 [xg/m3 and 2.74-3.49 ~tg/m3, respectively, and clearly presented the summer minima and winter maxima in this study. The carbonaceous aerosol accounted for 42.8%-47.3% of the mass of PMzs. The annual average of secondary organic carbon （SOC） concentrations in Xiamen were 9.23-11.36 ~g/m3, accounting for approximately 56% of OC. Strong correlations between OC and EC was found in spring （R2 = 0.50） and autumn （R2 = 0.73）, suggesting that there were similar emission and transport processes for carbonaceous aerosols in these two seasons, while weak correlations were found in summer （R2 = 0.33） and winter （R2 = 0.41）. The OCI＇EC ratios in PM2.5 varied from 2.1 to 8.7 with an annual average of 5.7, indicating that vehicle exhaust, coal smoke and biomass burning were main source apportionments of carbonaceous fractions in Xiamen.

关键词： fine particle carbonaceous aerosol organic carbon elemental carbon Xiamen

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Characteristics of elemental carbon and organic carbon in PM_(10) during spring and autumn in Chongqing,China

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China Particuology 2007年第4期5卷 255-260页

作者： Di Ye Qi Zhao Changtan Jiang Jun Chen Xiaoxing Meng Chongqing Academy of Environmental Science Chongqing 400020 China

PM10 （particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm） samples were collected simultaneously at nine urban sites and one urban background site during two intensive observation campaigns in 2006. Concentrations of elemental carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） in PM10 were analyzed using an element analyzer. The characteristics regarding spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of OC and EC concentrations and their contributions to PM10 mass, as well as correlation between OC and EC, were investigated in detail. The average OC and EC concentrations for urban sites were 57.5 ± 20.8 and 8.3 ± 3.9 μg/m^3, respectively, both being around three times higher than those for urban background site. As a whole, EC concentrations did not show distinct seasonal variations, though OC concentrations were generally higher in autumn than in spring. For urban sites, total carbonaceous aerosol （TCA） accounted for 33.2% in spring and 35.0% in autumn of PM10 mass. The OC and EC concentrations were found significantly correlated to each other both in spring and in autumn, implying the existence of similar emission sources such as coal combustion. The OC/EC ratios generally exceeded 2.0, indicating the presence of secondary organic carbon （SOC）, whose estimated concentration for urban Chongqing was 26.7 and 39.4μg/m^3, accounting for 48.9 and 61.9% of the total OC observed in the samples, in spring and in autumn, respectively.

关键词： PM10 elemental carbon Organic carbon Secondary organic carbon Chongqing

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Particle-bound organic and elemental carbons for source identification of PM<0.1μm from biomass combustion

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2022年第3期34卷 385-393页

作者： Hisam Samae Surajit Tekasakul Perapong Tekasakul Worradorn Phairuang Masami Furuuchi Surapa Hongtieab Department of Chemistry Division of Physical SciencesFaculty of SciencePrince of Songkla UniversityHat YaiSongkhla 90112Thailand Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringPrince of Songkla UniversityHat YdiSongkhla 90112Thailand Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center Prince of Songkla UniversityHat YaiSongkhla90112Thailand Faculty of Environmental Management Prince of Songkla UniversityHat YaiSongkhla90112Thailand Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering Institute of Science and EngineeringKanazawa UniversityKakuma-machiKanazawaIshikawa920-1192Japan Department of Geography Faculty of Social SciencesChiang Mai UniversityMuangChiang Mai50200Thailand

Atmospheric nanoparticles(PM50%)with minor contribution from EC(3%-12%).The higher fraction of carbonaceous components was found in the particulates with smaller sizes,and lignin content may relate to concentration of... 详细信息

Atmospheric nanoparticles(PMcarbon(OC),elemental carbon(EC),water-soluble ions(NH4^(+),Cl^(-),NO_(3)^(-),SO_(4)^(2-)),elements(Ca,K,Mg,Na)and heavy metals(Cd,Cr,Ni,Pb)were investigated.The results re-vealed that PM50%)with minor contribution from EC(3%-12%).The higher fraction of carbonaceous components was found in the particulates with smaller sizes,and lignin content may relate to concentration of pyrolyzed organic carbon(PyOC)resulting in the differences of OC/EC values.PM emit-ted from burning palm fiber and rice stubble showed high values of OC/EC and also high PyOC.Non-carbonaceous components such as Cl^(-),Cr,Ca,Cd,Ni,Na and Mg may be useful as source indicators,but they did not show any correlation with the size of PM.

关键词： PM<0.1 pm Organic carbon elemental carbon Source identification Emission factors

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Characterization of Springtime Atmospheric Organic and elemental carbon of PM2.5 in a Typical Semi-Arid Area of Northeastern China

Characterization of Springtime Atmospheric Organic and Eleme...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Renjian Zhang Jun Tao K.F.Ho Zhenxing Shen RCE-TEA Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences South China Institute of Environmental Sciences SKLLQG Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences School of Public Health and Primary Care The Chinese University of Hong Kong Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University

Daily particulate matter（PM2.5） aerosol samples were collected in Tongyu, a semi-arid area in northeastern China in spring. The concentrations of organic carbon（OC） and elemental carbon（EC） were determined with a thermal/optical carbon analyzer in the filter samples. The average concentrations of OC and EC in PM2.5 were 14.1 ± 8.7 and 2.0 ± 1.3 μg/m3, respectively. A good correlation between OC and EC was observed during the spring season, suggesting that they might be derived from similar sources. The correlation between OC and K+ was high（R = 0.74） and the K+/OC ratio, as determined from their linear regression slope, reached 2.57. The good correlation and the high K+/OC ratio indicated that biomass-burning was probably one of the major sources of OC in this region. The concentrations of estimated secondary organic carbon（SOC） in PM2.5 in Tongyu ranged from below detection limit to 26.1 μg/m3（mean, 5.9 μg/m3）. The percentages of SOC in OC and in PM2.5 mass were 42.0% and 2.1%, respectively. The SOC concentrations during dust storms（DS） periods were higher than those during non-dust storm（NDS） periods, suggesting that chemical reaction processes involving gas-particle conversion should have occurred during the long-distance transport of aerosol particles.

关键词： Semi-arid area Organic carbon elemental carbon Dust storm

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Characterization and source identification of atmospheric organic carbon and elemental carbon in PM10 at Beijing,China during spring

Characterization and source identification of atmospheric or...

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第五届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： K.F.Ho Department of Civil and Structural Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina

A continuous observation of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC),and PM was conducted at an urban site of Beijing,China to investigate the characterization of carbonaceous aerosols during spring period.The averaged and standard deviations of OC,EC,PM concentration, and OC/EC ratio were 13.5±7.0μg m,7.1±4.1 μg m,187.8±136.9 μg m,and 2.0±0.4 respectively. OC,EC,and total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA) in PM account for 9.3±5.7%,4.7±9.7%,and 19.6+11.6% respectively.Good OC-EC correlations (R=0.7) of PM in Beijing were observed in spring season.Averaged OC concentrations are 13.5μg m in both daytime and nighttime.Averaged EC concentrations in daytime (7.4μg m) are higher than that in night time (6.8μg m).Both OC and EC concentrations reach peak value in morning time(07:30-10:30) due to motor vehicles during the traffic rush hour.PM,OC,and EC concentration increase while PM concentration,OC/EC ratio, PM/PM,and TCA/PM ratio decrease in dust period in Beijing.A simple method based on OC/EC ratio was used to estimate the relative contribution of sources to carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10 in spring time.Averagely,the motor vehicle and coal combustion accounted for 76% and 24%, respectively,for carbonaceous aerosols during the observation period.It shows that the motor vehicle is also dominant emission for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM during spring period.

关键词： Organic carbon elemental carbon Diurnal variation PM10

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Characteristics of elemental carbon and organic carbon in PM2.5 during winter in rural area of Guanzhong Plain

Characteristics of elemental carbon and organic carbon in PM...

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第五届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： C.S.Zhu~(1,3) J.J.Cao~(1,2*) Z.X.Shen~2 S.X.Liu~(1,3) (~1 State Key Laboratory of Loess &(?)ternary Geology,Institute of Earth Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Xi’an,China) (~2 Department of Environmental Science &(?)echnology,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an,China ~3 Graduate School,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China)

Three rural sites (LT、WN and HX) located in Guanzhong Plain were selected with a view to characterize both indoor and outdoor concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) using a thermal optical reflectance (TOR) method.The OC and EC concentrations and their contributions to PM mass,as well as correlation between OC and EC,were investigated in detail.For PM,the average 24-hr outdoor mass concentration was 267μg/m,whilst those of which for OC and EC were 58.6μg/m and 6.6μg/m respectively,accounting for 22% and 2.5% of the outdoor PM mass.The average 24-hr PM indoor mass concentration was 237μg/m,and the concentrations of which indoor OC and EC were 61μg/m and 6.2μg/m account for 26% and 2.6% respectively.The average ratio of indoor to outdoor concentrations (I/O ratio) of PM2.5 was 0.89.The average I/O ratios of OC and EC were 1.04 and 0.94 respectively. Indoor PM levels tended to be the highest at WN,and outdoor levels to be the highest at HX.The OC level seemed to be the highest at HX for both indoors and outdoors.At LT and HX,EC was higher outdoors than indoors.On the contrary,EC was lower than OC at WN.This could be due to the influence of indoor and outdoor sources and air exchange rates.

关键词： elemental carbon Organic carbon Guanzhong Plain

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carbonaceous aerosols in PM_(10) and pollution gases in winter in Beijing

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2007年第5期19卷 564-571页

作者： ZHANG Ren-Jian CAO Jun-ji LEE Shun-cheng SHEN Zhen-xing HO Kin-Fai Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences START Regional Center for Temperate East Asia Beijing 100029 China Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of SciencesXi＇an 710075China Research Center for Urban Environmental Technology and Management Department of Civil and Structural Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China Department of Environmental Science and Technology Xi＇an Jiao Tong University Xi＇an 710049 China

An intensive observation of organic carbon （OC） and element carbon （EC） in PM10 and gaseous materials （SO2, CO, and O3,） was conducted continuously to assess the characteristics of wintertime carbonaceous aerosols in an urban area of Beijing, China. Results showed that the averaged total carbon （TC） and PM10 concentrations in observation period are 30.2±120.4 and 172.6±198.3 μ/m^3 respectively. Average OC concentration in nighttime （24.9±19.6 μ/m^3 was 40% higher than that in daytime （17.7±10.9 μ/m^3. Average EC concentrations in daytime （8.8±15.2 μ/m^3 was close to that in nighttime （8.9±15.1 μ/m^3. The OC/EC ratios in nighttime ranging from 2.4 to 2.7 are higher than that in daytime ranging from 1.9 to 2.0. The concentrations of OC, EC, PM10 were low with strong winds and high with weak winds. The OC and EC were well correlated with PM10, CO and SO2, which implies they have similar sources. OC and EC were not well correlated with O3. By considering variation of OC/EC ratios in daytime and night time, correlations between OC and O3, and meteorological condition, we speculated that OC and EC in Beijing PM10 were emitted as the primary particulate form. Emission of motor vehicle with low OC/EC ratio and coal combustion sources with high OC/EC ratio are probably the dominant sources for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing in winter. A simple method was used to estimate the relative contribution of sources to carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10. Motor vehicle source accounts for 80% and 68%, while coal combustion accounts for 20% and 32% in daytime and nighttime, respectively in Beijing. Averagely, the motor vehicle and coal combustion accounted for 74% and 26%, respectively, for carbonaceous aerosols during the observation period. It points to the motor vehicle is dominant emission for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10 in winter period, which should be paid attention to control high level of PM10 in Beijing effectively.

关键词： organic carbon elemental carbon diurnal variation PM10

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Chemical characteristics of PM_(2.5) during a typical haze episode in Guangzhou

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2009年第6期21卷 774-781页

作者： TAN Jihua DUAN Jingchun HE Kebin MA Yongliang DUAN Fengkui CHEN Yuan FU Jiamo Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China

The chemical characteristics（water-soluble ions and carbonaceous species） of PM2.5 in Guangzhou were measured during a typical haze episode.Most of the chemical species in PM2.5 showed significant difference between normal and haze days.The highest contributors to PM2.5 were organic carbon（OC）,nitrate,and sulfate in haze days and were OC,sulfate,and elemental carbon（EC） in normal days.The concentrations of secondary species such as,NO3^-,SO4^2-,and NH4^＋ in haze days were 6.5,3.9,and 5.3 times higher than those in normal days,respectively,while primary species（EC,Ca^2＋,K^＋） show similar increase from normal to haze days by a factor about 2.2-2.4.OC/EC ratio ranged from 2.8 to 6.2 with an average of 4.7 and the estimation on a minimum OC/EC ratio showed that SOC（secondary organic carbon） accounted more than 36.6% for the total organic carbon in haze days.The significantly increase in the secondary species（SOC,NO3^-,SO4^2-,and NH4^＋）,especially in NO3^-,caused the worst air quality in this region.Simultaneously,the result illustrated that the serious air pollution in haze episodes was strongly correlated with the meteorological conditions.During the sampling periods,air pollution and visibility had a good relationship with the air mass transport distance;the shorter air masses transport distance,the worse air quality and visibility in Guangzhou,indicating the strong domination of local sources contributing to haze formation.High concentration of the secondary aerosol in haze episodes was likely due to the higher oxidation rates of sulfur and nitrogen species.

关键词： PM2.5 haze episode water-soluble inorganic ions organic carbon elemental carbon Guangzhou

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carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere and precipitation of the Nam Co region, central Tibet

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2010年第11期22卷 1748-1756页

作者： Jing Ming Cunde Xiao Junying Sun Shichang Kang Paolo Bonasoni State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences Cold and Arid Region Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry Centre for Atmosphere Watch & Services China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Climate CNR Bologna Italy

A continuous air and precipitation sampling for carbonaceous particles was conducted in a field observatory beside Nam Co, Central Tibetan Plateau during July of 2006 through January of 2007. Organic carbon （OC） was the dominant composition of the carbonaceous particles both in the atmosphere （1660 ng/m ^3 ） and precipitation （476 ng/g） in this area, while the average elemental carbon （BC） concentrations in the atmosphere and precipitation were only 82 ng/m 3 and 8 ng/g, respectively. Very high OC/BC ratio suggested local secondary organic carbon could be a dominant contribution to OC over the Nam Co region, while BC could be mainly originated from Southern Asia, as indicated by trajectory analysis and aerosol optical depth. Comparison between the BC concentrations measured in Lhasa, those at ＂Nepal Climate Observatory at Pyramid （NCO-P）＂ site on the southern slope of the Himalayas, and Nam Co suggested BC in the Nam Co region reflected a background with weak anthropogenic disturbances and the emissions from Lhasa might have little impact on the atmospheric environment here, while the pollutants from the Indo-Gangetic Basin of Southern Asia could be transported to the Nam Co region by both the summer monsoon and the westerly.

关键词： carbonaceous particle elemental carbon organic carbon Nam Co Tibetan Plateau

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Seasonality of carbonaceous aerosol composition and light absorption properties in Karachi,Pakistan

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2020年第4期32卷 286-296页

作者： Pengfei Chen Shichang Kang Chaman Gul Lekhendra Tripathee Xiaoxiang Wang Zhaofu Hu Chaoliu Li Tao Pu State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources(CAS)Lanzhou 730000ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Beijing 100101China Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchCASBeijing 100101China Reading Academy Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjingJiangsu210044China

Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol(CA)and its light absorption properties are limited in Karachi,which is one of the most polluted metropolitan cities in South Asia.This study presents a comprehensive measurement of seasonality of CA compositions and mass absorption cross-section(MAC)of elemental carbon(EC)and water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC)in total suspended particles(TSP)collected from February 2015 to March 2017 in the southwest part of Karachi.The average TSP,organic carbon(OC),and EC concentrations were extremely high with values as 391.0±217.0,37.2±28.0,and 8.53±6.97μg/m3,respectively.These components showed clear seasonal variations with high concentrations occurring during fall and winter followed by spring and summer.SO42-,NO3-,K+,and NH4+showed similar variations with CA,implying the significant influence on atmospheric pollutants from anthropogenic activities.Relatively lower OC/EG ratio(4.20±2.50)compared with remote regions further indicates fossil fuel combustion as a primary source of CA.Meanwhile,sea salt and soil dust are important contribution sources for TSP.The average MAC of EC(632 nm)and WSOC(365 nm)were 6.56±2.70 and 0.97±0.37 m2/g,respectively.MACEC is comparable to that in urban areas but lower than that in remote regions,indicating the significant influence of local emissions.MACwsoc showed opposite distribution with EC,further suggesting that OC was significantly affected by local fossil fuel combustion.In addition,dust might be an important factor increasing MACwsoc particularly during spring and summer.

关键词： Air pollution Organic carbon elemental carbon Light absorption Pakistan

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