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Spatial and Temporal Variability of N, P and K Balances for Agroecosystems in China

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维普期刊数据库

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Pedosphere 2005年第3期15卷 347-355页

作者： SHENRun-Ping SUNBo ZHAOQi-Guo InstituteofSoilScience ChineseAcademyofSciencesNanjing210008（China）／／DepartmentofSpatialInformationScienceNanjingUniversityofInformationScienceandTechnologyNanjing210044（China） InstituteofSoilScience ChineseAcademyofSciencesNanjing210008（China）

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium balances for agroecosystems in China from 1993 to 2001 were calculated at national and provincial levels using statistical data and related parameters, and their spatial and temporal variabilities were analyzed with GIS to estimate the potential impacts of nutrient N, P and K surpluses or deficits to soil, water and air. At the national scale, the N and P balances from 1993 to 2001 showed a surplus, with the nitrogen surplus remaining relatively stable from 1997—2001. Although during this period the P surplus pattern was similar to N, it had smaller values and kept increasing as the use of phosphate fertilizer increased year by year. However, K was deficient from 1993 to 2001 even though from 1999 to 2001 the K deficit decreased. The spatial analysis revealed higher N surpluses in the more developed southeastern provinces and lowest in the western and northern provinces where there was less chemical fertilizer input. The serious K deficit mainly occurred in Shanghai and Beijing municipalities, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubei provinces, and Xinjiang autonomous regions. For the years 1992, 1996 and 2001, N surpluses and K deficits had significant positive spatial correlations with per capita gross domestic product (GDP), per capita gross industrial output value, and per capita net income of rural households. This showed that the level of economic development played an important role on nutrient balances in the agroecosystems.

关键词： China economic factors NPK balance spatial and temporal variability

China Responds to the Conference Goals

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China Population Today 1995年第2期12卷 6-7页

作者： Betty Rosenberg

ＣｈｉｎａＲｅｓｐｏｎｄｓｔｏｔｈｅＣｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅＧｏａｌｓ￥ＢｅｔｔｙＲｏｓｅｎｂｅｒｇＴｏｄａｙｔｈｅＥａｒｔｈｉｓｈｏｍｅｔｏｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ５．６ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎｐｅｏｐｌｅ．Ｎｏｗｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｉｓ... 详细信息

ＣｈｉｎａＲｅｓｐｏｎｄｓｔｏｔｈｅＣｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅＧｏａｌｓ￥ＢｅｔｔｙＲｏｓｅｎｂｅｒｇＴｏｄａｙｔｈｅＥａｒｔｈｉｓｈｏｍｅｔｏｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ５．６ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎｐｅｏｐｌｅ．Ｎｏｗｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｉｓｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇａｎｎｕａｌｌ...

关键词： Asia China Delivery Of Health Care Developing Countries Eastern Asia economic Development economic factors Family Planning Health International Agencies Organizations Un World Population Conferences

The Status and Role of Women

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China Population Today 1994年第3期11卷 13-16页

作者： $$$$

Women have enjoyed equal legal rights with men in politics, culture, education, work, property, marriage, and the family since the founding of the People's Republic in 1949. In 1949, 90% of Chinese women were illiterate; in 1992, the illiteracy rate for women dropped to 32%, whereas for males it was only 13%. In 1992, the proportion of women employed outside the home accounted for 72% of the total female population aged 15 years and older and 44% of the total number of employees. The total number of urban women employees increased from 600,000 in 1949 to 56 million in 1993. In urban areas, women generally receive 77.4% of the pay given to men; in rural areas, women receive 81.4%. The infant mortality rate dropped from 200/1000 in 1949 to 31.4/1000 in 1992. Life expectancy for women has risen dramatically from 36.7 years in 1949 to 72 years in 1992. Nevertheless, there is still relatively high mortality among female babies aged 0-4 years; and since the 1950s, there has been a major decline in the proportion of women breast-feeding their babies in both rural and urban areas. Over the past 4 decades, the mean age at first marriage has been increasing, and the majority of women now make their own decision regarding their marriage partners. China currently has 267 million families, and every year, about 10 million newly-wed couples are added to that figure. When the Eighth National People's Congress (NPC) was convened in 1993, women deputies accounted for more than 21% of the total. More than 300 women have been elected mayor or deputy mayor of China's 517 cities. In rural areas in particular, more opportunities for education and employment are given to sons, owing to traditional misconceptions and the need for boys to help on the farm. The All-China Women's Federation has organized women's groups. In the rural areas, women are being encouraged to obtain more education and develop skills.

关键词： Asia Behavior China Demographic factors Developing Countries Eastern Asia economic factors Employment Status--women Family And Household Family Characteristics Family Relationships Income Income Distribution Inequalities Infant Mortality Mortality Population Population Dynamics Psychological factors Sex Preference Socioeconomic factors Socioeconomic Status Sons Value Orientation Women's Status

Population and economic Development

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China Population Today 1994年第3期11卷 3-6页

作者： $$$$

China has over 1 billion 185 million people, or 1/5 of the world's total. Between 1966 and 1970, 100 million people were added to China's population. The government launched a family planning program in the first half of the 1970s. Since that time, the total fertility rate (TFR) dropped from an average of 5.8 children per woman in 1970 to only 2.1 children since 1989, which is the replacement level. In 1952, the birth rate was 37/1000, the death rate was 17/1000, and the rate of natural increase was 20/1000. By 1993, the birth rate had declined to 18.09/1000, the death rate to 6.64/1000, and the rate of natural increase to 11.45/1000. Still, in 1992 the number of births in China totalled 21.26 million with a net increase of 13.46 million. The rapid decline is attributed to rapid economic development and successful implementation of the national family planning program. China has become a relatively prosperous developing country. Since 1978 China's economic system has been evolving from a highly planned economy controlled by the central government toward a socialist market economy, one in which state-owned enterprises form the mainstay of the economy, while a variety of economic components are encouraged to develop simultaneously. The national family planning program advocates later age at marriage, deferred childbearing, and fewer but healthier births. In implementing the program, emphasis was placed on: 1) information, education, and communication (IEC) rather than economic disincentives to motivate couples 2) promotion of contraception rather than induced abortion, and 3) continuous provision of services. Because of the population momentum, population may very likely reach 1.59 billion before stabilizing in the middle of the 21st century, if the total fertility rate continues to decline from 2.1 in 1994 to the projected TFR of 1.85 in the year 2016. China will have a serious problem with population aging. A second problem is the sex ratio at birth, and a third is

关键词： Asia Birth Rate China Demographic factors Demographic Transition Developing Countries Eastern Asia economic Development economic factors Family Planning Policy Fertility Fertility Measurements Fertility Rate Mortality Mortality Decline Policy Population Population Dynamics Population Growth Population Policy Social Policy Total Fertility Rate--changes

Population Distribution and Internal Migration

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China Population Today 1994年第3期11卷 11-12页

作者： $$$$

China accounts for only 7%of the world's total land area,but more than 20%of the_world's *** 1.2 billion people are thus squcezed into an arca similar in size to ***,population density is high,ie.121 persons pcr ***-about three times highcr than the world ***,China's population density differs widely from region to *** exarmple,in_Shanghai population density is.2,118 persons per *** comparcd with 1.8 persons per *** in *** Region.

关键词： Asia China Demographic factors Developing Countries Eastern Asia economic factors Geographic factors Labor Migration Migration Migration Policy Policy Population Population Density Population Dynamics Population Policy Rural-urban Migration Social Policy Socioeconomic factors Spatial Distribution

farmers' paintings promote family planning

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China Population Today 1996年第3期13卷 10-11页

作者： $$$$

ｆａｒｍｅｒｓ＇ｐａｉｎｔｉｎｇｓｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｆａｍｉｌｙｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇ￥／／ＬｏｎｇｙａｎＰｒｅｆｅｃｔｕｒｅｉｎＷｅｓｔＦｕｊｉａｎｈａｓａｌｏｎｇａｎｄｎｏｂｌｅｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｆｏｌｋｐａｉｎｔｉｎ... 详细信息

ｆａｒｍｅｒｓ＇ｐａｉｎｔｉｎｇｓｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｆａｍｉｌｙｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇ￥／／ＬｏｎｇｙａｎＰｒｅｆｅｃｔｕｒｅｉｎＷｅｓｔＦｕｊｉａｎｈａｓａｌｏｎｇａｎｄｎｏｂｌｅｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｆｏｌｋｐａｉｎｔｉｎｇ．Ｔｈｅｌｏｃａｌａｕｔｈｏｒｉ...

关键词： Asia China Communication Demographic factors Developing Countries Eastern Asia economic factors Family Planning Folk Media Marketing Mass Media Population Population Characteristics Promotion Rural Population

Responses to Human Demands

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China Population Today 1995年第2期12卷 2-4页

作者： $$$$

ＲｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｓｔｏＨｕｍａｎＤｅｍａｎｄｓ￥／／Ｔｈｅｉｎｆｏｒｍａｌｌａｂｏｕｒｍａｒｋｅｔ：ＭｉｇｒａｎｔｓｉｎＢｅｉｊｉｎｇｓｅｅｋｗｏｒｋ．ＷｈｅｒｅｉｓＣｈｉｎａ＇ｓＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍ... 详细信息

ＲｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｓｔｏＨｕｍａｎＤｅｍａｎｄｓ￥／／Ｔｈｅｉｎｆｏｒｍａｌｌａｂｏｕｒｍａｒｋｅｔ：ＭｉｇｒａｎｔｓｉｎＢｅｉｊｉｎｇｓｅｅｋｗｏｒｋ．ＷｈｅｒｅｉｓＣｈｉｎａ＇ｓＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅｓＨｅａｄｉｎｇ？Ｃｈｉｎａ＇ｓ...

关键词： Asia China Demographic factors Developing Countries Eastern Asia economic factors Education Family Planning Family Planning Programs Government Sponsored Programs Integrated Programs Legislation Migrants Migration Migration, Internal Organization And Administration Policy Population Population Control Population Dynamics Population Policy Population Programs Programs Social Policy Socioeconomic factors Women's Status Workshops

Up-to-Date Information about China's Population and Living Standards

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China Population Today 1994年第2期11卷 12-13页

作者： $$$$

In 1993,the crude birth rate of the population in China was 18.09 per thousand,and the crude dcath rate was 6.64 per thousand,resulting in a rate of natu-ral increase of 11.45 per *** the end of 1993,China's total pop... 详细信息

关键词： Asia China Critique Demographic factors Developing Countries Eastern Asia economic factors Population Population Dynamics Population Growth Standard Of Living

An Analysis of the Correlation between the economic Barometer and the Postal Service

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The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications 2002年第3期9卷 74-78页

作者： LIU Hong wei, XUE Feng min, LI Xue dong (Shijiazhuang Postal College, Shijiazhuang 050021, P.R. China) Shijiazhuang Postal College Shijiazhuang 050021 P.R. China

There are many economic factors that can influence the postal market. In thispaper, by adopting the method of quantitative analysis, the author analyse exhaustively theeconomic factors that influence the postal market... 详细信息

关键词： economic factors postal market partial correlation