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Fitness traits and underlying genetic variation related to host plant specialization in the aphid Sitobion avenae

Insect Science 2014年第3期21卷 352-362页

作者： Su-Xia Gao De-Guang Liu Hui Chen Xiu-Xiang Meng State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University) Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau Ministry of Agriculture College of Forestry Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi College of Life and Environmental Sciences Minzu University of China Beijing China

Sitobion avenae （E） is an important cereal pest worldwide that can survive on various plants in the Poaceae, but divergent selection on different host plants shouldpromote the evolution of specialized genotypes or host races. In order to evaluate their resource use strategies, clones of S. avenae were collected from oat and barley. Host-transfer experiments for these clones were conducted in the laboratory to compare their fitness traits. Our results demonstrated that barley clones had significantly lower fecundityand tended to have longer developmental times when transferred from barley to oat. However, oat clones developed faster after they were transferred to barley. Clones fromoat and barley had diverged to a certain extent in terms of fecundity and developmental time of the nymphs. The separation of barley clones and oat clones of S. avenae was alsoevident in a principal component analysis. Barley clones tended to have higher broad-sense heritabilities for fitness traits than oat clones, indicating the genetic basis of differentiationbetween them. Barley clones showed significantly higher extent of specialization compared to oat clones from two measures of specialization （i.e., Xsp and Ysp）. Therefore, barleyclones were specialized to a certain extent, but oat clones appeared to be generalized. The fitness of S. avenae clones tended to increase with higher extent of specialization. Theevolution toward ecological specialization in S. avenae clones, as well as the underlying genetic basis, was discussed.

关键词： biotype ecological specialization population divergence sympatric speciation wheat aphid

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The effect of host plants on genotype variability in fitness and honeydew composition of Aphis fabae

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Insect Science 2017年第5期24卷 781-788页

作者： Sharon Schillewaert Amelie Vantaux Wim Van den Ende Tom Wenseleers Laboratory of Socioecology and Social Evolution Biology Department Zoological Institute University of Leuven Leuven Belgium Institut Pasteur du Cambodge Unite d'Epidemiologie Moleculaire du Paludisme Phnom Penh Cambodia Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology Biology Department University of Leuven Leuven Belgium

Aphid species can be polyphagous, feeding on multiple host plants across genera. As host plant species can have large variation in their phloem composition, this can affect aphid fitness and honeydew composition. Previous research showed significant intraspecific genotype variation in the composition of the honeydew carbohydrates of the black bean aphid Aphis fabae, with the ant attractant trisaccharide melezitose showing especially large variation across different genotypes. In this study, we test if variation in melezitose and carbohydrate composition of aphid honeydew could be linked to the adap- tation of specific aphid genotypes to particular host plants. To this end, 4 high and 5 low melezitose secreting genotypes of the black bean aphid Aphisfabae were reared on 4 com- mon host plants： broad bean, goosefoot, beet, and poppy. The carbohydrate composition, and in particular melezitose secretion, showed important aphid genotype and host plant in- teractions, with some genotypes being high melezitose secreting on 1 host plant but not on another. However, the interaction effects were not paralleled in the fitness measurements, even though there were significant differences in the average fitness across the different host plants. On the whole, this study demonstrates that aphid honeydew composition is influenced by complex herbivore-plant interactions. We discuss the relevance of these findings in the context of ant-aphid mutualisms and adaptive specialization in aphids.

关键词： aphids Aphis fabae ecological specialization fitness honeydew hostplants Melezitose polyphagous

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Correlates of avian extinction timing around the world since 1500 CE

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Avian Research 2024年第4期15卷 403-412页

作者： Kyle D.Kittelberger Colby J.Tanner Amy N.Buxton Amira Prewett Çagan Hakkı Sekercio glu School of Biological Sciences University of Utah257 S 1400 ESalt Lake CityUT84112USA KoçUniversity Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsIstanbulTurkiye

Avian extinctions have been relatively well documented in modern history,and in the past millennia,more bird species are known to have gone extinct than species in any other vertebrate *** examined the biological correlates of extinction timing among 216 bird species that recently were either observed to go extinct or dis-appeared since 1500 CE,performing a novel analysis for examining the extinction trends of birds by modelling traits against the number of years since present day during which species have been *** analyzed a broad range of traits and characteristics that have previously been associated with extinction and extinction risk in birds and compared the effects of these traits simultaneously against one *** order to provide a more comprehensive and robust assessment of trait-based drivers of global bird loss in comparison to prior studies,we included extinct species recognized by any of the three major avian taxonomies as well as those birds that lack recent confirmed sightings and are at least functionally *** found that insular,flightless,larger-bodied,ecologically specialized species,as well as those with high aspect ratio wings,were likely to go extinct earlier in *** identifying the key locations and time periods over the past five centuries where birds have gone extinct,and highlighting specific extinction-prone taxonomic groups,we provide a complete and unified dataset of traits used in this study that helps address the lack of extensive public data on modern extinct species.

关键词： Anthropocene extinction Bird conservation Body mass ecological specialization Flightlessness Islands Ornithology

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Is intraspecific variation in diet and morphology related to environmental gradients?Exploring Liem’s paradox in a cichlid fish

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Integrative Zoology 2010年第3期5卷 241-255页

作者： Sandra A.BINNING Lauren J.CHAPMAN Biology Department McGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanadaH3A 1B1 Wildlife Conservation Society BronxNew YorkUSA

Interspecific studies have demonstrated that trophic morphology and ecology are not always tightly matched:a phenomenon rarely reported at the intraspecific *** the present study,we explored relationships among diet,morphology and the environment in a widespread cichlid fish,Astatoreochromis alluaudi(Pellegrin 1904),from 6 sites in southern Uganda to test for evidence of eco-morphological matching at the interdemic *** studies of Astatoreochromis alluaudi have demonstrated developmental plasticity in trophic morphology in response to diet:a mollusk diet produces specimens with large pharyngeal jaws and muscles,whereas a soft-food diet produces smaller pharyngeal jaws and corresponding changes in *** were chosen to maximize variability in environmental variables that might directly or indirectly affect trophic *** found significant differences in pharyngeal jaw and muscle morphology among ***,we found differences in diets among sites:mollusks were found in the stomachs of fish from only 2 populations sampled,despite the presence of mollusks in 5 of the 6 *** trophic morphology did match the observed diet in 2 sites,diet did not correlate with either morphology or environmental variables across sites,nor were environmental variables correlated with morphological variation among *** results suggest that mismatch can occur among different populations of a single species for reasons such as seasonality in resources,developmental plasticity and/or complex indirect *** mechanisms should be further studied in order to better understand the complex relationships between morphological specialization and ecological generalization.

关键词： ecological specialization fish diet Liem’s paradox population divergence trophic morphology

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