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A historical view of alveolar echinococcosis, 160 years after the discovery of the first case in humans： part 1. What have we learnt on the distribution of the disease and on its parasitic agent？

引用

Chinese Medical Journal 2011年第18期124卷 2943-2953页

作者： Dominique Angele Vuitton WANG Qian ZHOU Hong-xia Francis Raoul Jenny Knapp Solange Bresson-Hadni WEN Hao Patrick Giraudoux WHO Collaborating Center for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis University Hospital and University of Francbe-Comte 25030 Besancon France Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Chengdu Sichuan 610031 China Guangxi Medical University Nanning Guangxi 530021 China Chrono-Environnement Joint Research Unit UMR 6249 University of Franche-Comte CNRS and INRA 25030 Besancon France Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis Research 1st Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi Xiniianz 830000. China

Since the first 2 cases observed in southern Germany and the correct identification of a parasite at the origin of the disease by the famous scientist Rudolf Virchow in 1855, the borders of the endemic area of alveolar echinococcosis （AE） have never stopped to expand. The parasite was successively recognized in Switzerland, then in Russia, Austria and France which were long considered as the only endemic areas for the disease. Cases were disclosed in Turkey in 1939; then much attention was paid to Alaska and to Hokkaido, in Japan. The situation totally changed in 1991 after the recognition of the Chinese endemic areas by the international community of scientists. The world map was completed in the beginning of the 21st century by the identification of AE in most of the countries of central/eastern Europe and Baltic States, and by the recognition of cases in central Asia. Up to now, the disease has however never been reported in the South hemisphere and in the United Kingdom. In the mid-1950s, demonstration by Rausch and Schiller in Alaska, and by Vogel in Germany, of the distinction between 2 parasite species responsible respectively for cystic echinococcosis （＂hydatid disease＂） and AE put an end to the long-lasting debate between the ＂dualists＂, who believed in that theory which eventually proved to be true, and the ＂unicists＂, who believed in a single species responsible for both diseases. At the end of the 20th century, molecular biology fully confirmed the ＂dualist＂ theory while adding several new species to the initially described E. granulosus; within the past decade, it also confirmed that little variation existed within echinococcus （E.） multilocularis species, and that AE-Iooking infection in some intermediate animal hosts on the Tibetan plateau was indeed due to a new species, distinct from E. multilocularis, named E. shiquicus. Since the 1970s, the unique ecological interactions between the landscape, the hosts, and E. multilocularis have progressively be

关键词： alveolar echinococcosis echinococcus species epidemiology history Rudolf Virchow western China

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