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Dynamic Characteristics of the Long Runout Rock-ice Avalanche at High Altitude-A Case from the Zelongnong Basin, eastern himalayan syntaxis, China

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ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA-ENGLISH EDITION 2024年第5期98卷 1376-1393页

作者： Gao, Shaohua Yin, Yueping Li, Bin Gao, Yang Zhang, Nan Zhang, Tiantian Gao, Haoyuan Liu, Xiaojie Chinese Acad Geol Sci Inst Geomech Beijing 100081 Peoples R China China Inst Geol Environm Monitoring Beijing 100081 Peoples R China Minist Nat Resources Key Lab Act Tecton & Geol Safety Beijing 100081 Peoples R China Lanzhou Univ Technol Sch Civil Engn Lanzhou 730050 Peoples R China

Rock-ice avalanches have frequently occurred in the eastern himalayan syntaxis region due to climate change and active tectonic movements. These events commonly trigger catastrophic geohazard chains, including debris flows, river blockages, and floods. This study focuses on the Zelongnong Basin, analyzing the geomorphic and dynamic characteristics of high-altitude disasters. The basin exhibits typical vertical zonation, with disaster sources initiating at elevations exceeding 4000 m and runout distances reaching up to 10 km. The disaster chain movement involves complex dynamic effects, including impact disintegration, soil-rock mixture arching, dynamic erosion, and debris deposition, enhancing understanding of the flow behavior and dynamic characteristics of rock-ice avalanches. The presence of ice significantly increases mobility due to lubrication and frictional melting. In the disaster event of September 10, 2020, the maximum flow velocity and thickness reached 40 m/s and 43 m, respectively. Furthermore, continuous deformation of the Zelongnong glacier moraine was observed, with maximum cumulative deformations of 44.68 m in the distance direction and 25.96 m in the azimuth direction from March 25, 2022, to August 25, 2022. In the future, the risk of rock-ice avalanches in the eastern himalayan syntaxis region will remain extremely high, necessitating a focus on early warning and risk mitigation strategies for such basin disasters.

关键词： rock-ice avalanche dynamic characteristics mobility moraine eastern himalayan syntaxis FREEZE-THAW CYCLES LANDSLIDE FRAGMENTATION ROCKSLIDE GLACIERS FAILURE FLOOD

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Field investigations and numerical modeling of a giant landslide in the region of eastern himalayan syntaxis:Jiaobunong landslide

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Journal of Mountain Science 2021年第12期18卷 3230-3246页

作者： DU Guo-liang ZHANG Yong-shuang YAO Xin YANG Zhi-hua YUAN Ying Hebei GEO University Shijiazhuang 050031China Key Laboratory of Intelligent Detection and Equipment for Underground Space of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration Ministry of Natural ResourcesHebei GEO UniversityShijiazhuang 050031China Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesShijiazhuang 050061China Institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100081China

eastern himalayan syntaxis(EHS)is a tectonically active region that undergoes continuous geomorphic *** landslides are predominant in this region.A giant landslide called Jiaobunong landslide on the northwestern flank of the EHS were studied and simulated to investigate the formation mechanism,evolutionary process,and failure mechanism of the landside,so that we could better understand the large complex ancient landslides in this *** investigation,geological background analyses,and numerical modeling were conducted to reveal the natural and seismic characteristics,as well as dynamic process of the *** results show that the Jiaobunong landslide was the result of long-term geological and geomorphic ***,river incision,weathering,fault creep,glaciation,and earthquakes play key roles in the formation of *** the huge landslide volume,strong seismicity of the study area,proximity to an active fault,and the need for extra forces to induce landsliding,the Jiaobunong landslide was triggered by a *** numerical simulation based on the discrete element method,the slope dynamic response of the earthquake as well as the mass movement and accumulation process was *** results showed that the landslide movement experienced four stages:initiation phase(0-5 s),acceleration phase(5-35 s),deceleration phase(35-95 s),and the compaction and self-stabilization stage(after 95 s).The rock mass was disintegrated and experienced strong collisions during the *** dammed lake gradually disappeared because of long-term river incision by the overtopping river *** processes play a vital role in the evolution of landforms in the region of EHS.

关键词： eastern himalayan syntaxis Ancient landslide Formation mechanism Evolution process Tibetan Plateau

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Structural and Chronological Evidence for the India-Eurasia Collision of the Early Paleocene in the eastern himalayan syntaxis, Namjagbarwa

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2002年第4期76卷 446-454页

作者：张进江季建清钟大赉桑海清何顺东 Department of Geology Peking University Beijing 100871 Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029

The eastern himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa is a high-grade metamorphicterrain formed by the India-Eurasia collision and northward indentation of the Indian continent intoAsia. Right- and left-lateral slip zones were formed by the indentation on the eastern and westernboundaries of the syntaxis respectively. The Dongjug-Mainling fault zone is the main shear zone onthe western boundary. This fault zone is a left-lateral slip belt with a large component ofthrusting. The kinematics of the fault is consistent with the shortening within the syntaxis, andthe slipping history along it represents the indenting process of the syntaxis. The Ar-Archronological study shows that the age of the early deformation in the Dongjug-Mainling fault zoneranges from 62 to 59 Ma. This evidences that the India-Eurasia collision occurred in the earlyPaleocene in the eastern himalayan syntaxis.

关键词： India-Eurasia collision eastern himalayan syntaxis Namjagbarwa structuralchronology Paleocene

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Tectonic framework of the eastern himalayan syntaxis

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 1998年第3期8卷 111-115页

作者：刘焰钟大赉 Beijing 100029 China Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geology Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonic Evolution

The eastern himalayan syntaxis is situated in the southeastern Tibet. The Yarlung Zangboriver is greatly bent so that this area is also called "Yarlung Zangbo Big Bend". This locality maybe one of the key localities for understanding the interactions betwee11 the India and Asia; howev-er it is a virgin land for geologists. Recent research has revealed that there exist the high-pressuregranulites in this area. In this paper, the tectonic framework of this syntaxis is described

关键词： tectonic framework eastern himalayan syntaxis

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The migration of the crustal deformation peak area in the eastern himalayan syntaxis inferred from present-day crustal deformation and morpho-tectonic markers

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Geodesy and Geodynamics 2021年第3期12卷 165-174页

作者： Ling Zhang Shiming Liang Xiaoping Yang Chenglong Dai State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics Institute of GeologyChina Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100029China

The present-day Global Positioning System(GPS)velocity field shows that the Indian Plate is not a complete rigid block,as its northeastern corner has been torn off and clockwise rotating relative to the main *** the updated GPS velocity data,the Euler vector of the northeastern corner of the Indian Plate relative to the stable main plate is deduced as(89.566±0.06°E,26.131±0.05°N,1.34±0.11°/Myr).The peak area of the present-day crustal deformation is located in the Chayu deformation belt with the compressional dilation strain rate over 160 nanostrain/***,the Namche-Barwa syntaxis with the massive crustal thickening and intense surface erosion is generally considered to be the previous locus of the strongest compressional stress in the eastern himalayan syntaxis over long geological ***,there is a discrepancy between the previous and present-day crustal deformation peak *** argue the migration of the crustal deformation peak area with a total distance of about 120 km and ascribe it to the variation of stress conditions caused by northeast India’s clockwise rotation.

关键词： GPS velocity eastern himalayan syntaxis Landform Crustal deformation peak area

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Upper mantle anisotropy of the eastern himalayan syntaxis and surrounding regions from shear wave splitting analysis

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Science China Earth Sciences 2015年第5期58卷 1872-1882页

作者： CHANG LiJun WANG ChunYong DING ZhiFeng YOU HuiChuan LOU Hai SHAO CuiRu Key Laboratory of Seismic Observation and Geophysical Imaging Institute of GeophysicsChina Earthquake Administration

Polarization analysis of teleseismic data has been used to determine the XKS(SKS,SKKS,and PKS)fast polarization directions and delay times between fast and slow shear waves for 59 seismic stations of both temporary and permanent broadband seismograph networks deployed in the eastern himalayan syntaxis(EHS)and surrounding *** analysis employed both the grid searching method of the minimum tangential energy and stacking analysis methods to develop an image of upper mantle anisotropy in the EHS and surrounding regions using the newly obtained shear wave splitting parameters and previously published *** fast polarization directions are oriented along a NE-SW azimuth in the ***,within the surrounding regions,the fast directions show a clockwise rotation pattern around the EHS from NE-SW,to E-W,to NW-SE,and then to *** the EHS and surrounding regions,the fast directions of seismic anisotropy determined using shear wave splitting analysis correlate with surficial geological features including major sutures and faults and with the surface deformation fields derived from global positioning system(GPS)*** coincidence between structural features in the crust,surface deformation fields and mantle anisotropy suggests that the deformation in the crust and lithospheric mantle is mechanically *** the EHS,the coherence between the fast directions and the NE direction of the subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Tibetan Plateau suggests that the lithospheric deformation is caused mainly by *** the regions surrounding the EHS,we speculate that a westward retreat of the Burma slab could contribute to the curved anisotropy *** Tibetan Plateau is acted upon by a NE-trending force due to the subduction of the Indian Plate,and also affected by a westward drag force due to the westward retreat produced by the eastward subduction of the Burma *** two forces contribute to a curved lithospheric deformation that results in the a

关键词： eastern himalayan syntaxis shear wave splitting anisotropy lithospheric deformation

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