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early development of Silvetia babingtonii(Fucales, Phaeophyceae)

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2014年第4期13卷 677-682页

作者： WANG Gaoge WEI Xiaojiao SHUAI Limei LU Bojun WANG Shasha KANG Dongdong College of Marine Life Sciences Ocean University of China Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel (GEOMAR) Düsternbrooker Weg 20 24105 KielGermany

Silvetia babingtonii is a potentially economic brown alga for sources of food and high-value added utilization. So far, sporeling nursery and field cultivation has not been successful. The lack of knowledge on development and life cycle of this alga hinder the development of techniques for the sporeings and cultivation. In this study, internal structure of oogonium and antherium of S. babingtonii was observed with hematoxylin and eosin staining and through microscope. Meanwhile, early development from zygotes to juvenile sporelings was studied at 20℃ under 60–100 μmol photons m-2 s-1. Zygotes germinated and divided into thallus and rhizoid cells. The larger thallus cells further divided and developed into juvenile sporelings; while the smaller rhizoid cells divided and elongated into rhizoid hairs. These findings documented the life cycle of S. babingtonii and provided fundamental knowledge for sporeling nursery in the near future.

关键词： Silvetia babingtonii conceptacles early development life cycle receptacles

Evaluation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis of gene expression during early development processes of the tongue sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis)

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2015年第10期34卷 90-97页

作者： MA Qian ZHUANG Zhimeng FENG Wenrong LIU Shufang TANG Qisheng Key Laboratory of Sustainable development of Marine Fisheries of Ministry of Agriculture Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Resources and Eco-environmentYellow Sea Fisheries Research InstituteChinese Academy of Fishery Sciences

Differential expression of genes is crucial to growth and development of fish. To select the appropriate genes for gene normalization during Cynoglossus semilaevis early developmental process, eight candidate reference genes （ACTB, B2M, EF1A, GADPH, RPL7, TUBA, UBCE and 18S） were tested for their adequacy by using quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the expression of all the examined genes exhibited tissue dependent variations in the mature C. semilaevis. EFIA was listed as the most stable reference among the 14 tissues by RefFinder. Furthermore, the recommended comprehensive ranking of the stability determined by RefFinder showed that 18S was the most stable gene during the early developmental stages （from oosphere to 90 days old） in this study. However, when divided the Ct value data of the above mentioned early developmental stages into two separate periods （embryo and post-hatching periods）, TUBA and 18S represented the most stable references of these two developmental periods, respectively. Consequently, the reference gene should be carefully and accurately chosen even for studies of the same species at various developmental processes. The relevant data may help in selecting appropriate reference genes for mRNA expression analysis, and is of great value in the studies of fish growth and development.

关键词： quantitative real-time PCR reference gene early development Cynoglossus semilaevis

Effects of seawater acidification on the early development of sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2018年第4期36卷 1442-1454页

作者： ZHAN Yaoyao HU Wanbin DUAN Lizhu LIU Minbo ZHANG Weijie CHANG Yaqing Li Cong Key Laboratory of Mariculture ＆ Stock Enhancement in North China＇s Sea Ministry of AgricultureDalian Ocean University Dalian 116023.China College of Basic Medical Science Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116044China

In this study, we evaluated the effects of CO_2-induced seawater acidification on fertilization, embryogenesis and early larval development in the sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis, that inhabits subtidal coastal areas in northern China. The range in seawater p H used in experiments was based on the projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), to the year 2100. A natural seawater treatment(p H_(nbs) =7.98±0.03) and three laboratory-controlled acidified treatments(OA_1, ΔpH_(nbs) =-0.3 units; OA_2, ΔpH_(nbs) =-0.4 units; OA_3, ΔpH_(nbs) =-0.5 units) were used in experiments. Results show that:(1) there was a negative effect of seawater acidification on fertilization and on the percentage of abnormal fertilized eggs;(2) the size of early cleavage stage embryos decreased in a dose-dependent manner with decreasing p H;(3) both the hatching rate of blastulae and the survival rate of four-armed pluteus larvae decreased as pH declined;(4) larval abnormalities including asymmetrical development, changes in the length of skeletal elements, and corroded spicules were observed in all seawater acidified-treatments compared with the control. These data indicate that seawater acidification has a negative impact on the early development of G. crenularis, and supports the hypothesis that the response of echinoderms to ocean acidification(OA) varies among species. Further research is required to clarify the specific cellular mechanisms involved.

关键词： seawater acidification Glyptocidaris crenularis early development calcification

Effects of temperature and irradiance on early development of Chondrus ocellatus Holm (Gigartinaceae,Rhodophyta)

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2010年第3期28卷 508-513页

作者：李晓赵鹏王高歌李大鹏王继成段德麟 Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences Ocean University of China

Chondrus is a type of commercially produced red seaweed that widely used for food and carrageen extraction. Although the natural life history of the alga had been well understood, the factors influencing development of the tetraspore and carpospore remain poorly understood. In the perspective of seedling resources, the regulation of early development is crucial for the seedlillg nursing; therefore, it is necessary to understand the physiological influences during its early development. In this study, we studied the effects of temperature and irradiance on the early development of Chondrus ocellatus Holm under laboratory conditions. The released tetraspores and carpospores were cultivated at different temperatures （10-28℃） and irradiances （10, 60 μmol photons m^-2s^-1） with a photoperiod of 12L： 12D. The results indicate that both tetraspores and carpospores are tolerant to temperatures of 10-25℃, and have the highest relative growth rate at 20℃. Irradiance variances influenced the growth of the discoid crusts, and the influence was more significant with increasing temperature; 60 μmol photons m^-2s^-1 was more suitable than 10 μmol photons m^-2s^-1. The optimum temperature and irradiance for the development of seedlings was 20℃ and 60 μmol photons m^-2s^-1, respectively.

关键词： Chondrus ocellatus temperature irradiance early development

Formation and early development of tetraspores of Polysiphonia urceolata (Rhodomelaceae,Rhodophyta)

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2009年第2期27卷 365-369页

作者：姚建亭李大鹏于深辉刘吉东段德麟 Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Polysiphonia urceolata is one type of potential commercial red seaweeds used for breeding and cultivation, because of its significant biochemical and biomedical application. However, the information of breeding and seedling incubation for cultivation is limited, especially the early development. In this study, tetrasporohyte and gametophyte of P. urceolata were taken as the study materials in Huiquan Bay, Qingdao, China. The cleaned and sterilized tetrasporophytes and gametophytes were pre-cultured in sterilized seawater, then nurtured at 18℃, 25 μmol photons m^-2 s^-1 in 12：12 h （light：dark） photoperiod. Continuous observation under microscope showed that the early development consists of bipolar division stage and seedling stage. In the division stage, tetraspores germinate into bipolar sporelings that further differentiate into a colorless rhizoidal portion and a lightly pigmented upright shoot. The lightly pigmented rhizoidal cell develops to a rhizoid and the larger pigmented cell transforms to an erect axis. In the seedling stage, several quasi-protuberances appear on the erect axis and form juvenile seedlings. The results demonstrate the culture of P. urceolata from tetraspores under laboratory conditions.

关键词： Polysiphonia urceolata Rhodophyta early development tetraspore

early development of Chondrus ocellatus Holm(Gigartinaceae,Rhodophyta)

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2006年第2期24卷 129-133页

作者： WANG Aihua WANG Jicheng DUAN Delin Institute of Oceanology The Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao 266071China The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039China

Chondrus is an economically important red algae widely used for food and biochemical *** early development is crucial for the culture and seedling *** chose tetraspores and carpospores of Chondrus ocellatus as examples for experiment of the culture,induction and release in laboratory condition,aiming to understand early development of *** and to apply in seedling *** *** were collected in Qingdao,China,from *** *** the gametophyte and tetrasporophyte were brushed and washed with sterilized seawater,the algal materials were treated in 1.5%KI for 20 min,then were dried for lh to stimulate the releasing of *** the spores released overnight,it were cultured in PES medium,incubated at 18℃,10±2μmol/(m^(2).s^(1))in 12:12h(light:dark).The observation and recording under microscope were carried *** observation of the early development showed that both tetraspore and carpospore are similar to each *** general,three stages of the early development were shown being division,discoid crust and seedling *** the division stage,the most obvious feature was the increasing of cell number;during the discoid crust stage,the discoid crust had a three-dimensional axis,and it began to differentiate into two types of cells:the basal cells and the apical cells;and to the seedling stage,several protuberances-like appeared on the discoid crusts and formed juvenile *** and tetraspores exhibited a similar development process that included division stage,discoid crust stage and seedling stage.

关键词： Chondrus ocellatus early development carpospore tetraspore discoid crust seedlings

Cytoskeleton and early development in Fucoid Algae

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2007年第8期49卷 1192-1198页

作者： Sherryl R.Bisgrove Simon Fraser University Department of Biological Sciences8888 University DriveBurnaby B.C.Canada V5A 1S6

Cell polarization and asymmetric cell divisions play important roles during development in many multicellular eukaryotes. Fucoid algae have a long history as models for studying early developmental processes, probably because of the ease with which zygotes can be observed and manipulated in the laboratory. This review discusses cell polarization and asymmetric cell divisions in fucoid algal zygotes with an emphasis on the roles played by the cytoskeleton.

关键词： actin asymmetric cell division cell polarization cytoskeleton early development fucoid algae microtubules zygote

early development of peer dominance relationships in a captive group of Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata

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Current Zoology 2010年第2期56卷 190-197页

作者： RIZALDI Kunio WATANABE Primate Research Institute Kyoto University Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Andalas University

We studied early development of peer dominance relationships in a captive group of Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata fuscata at the Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University. This study aims to give detailed descriptions on characteristic patterns of maternal rank acquisition from infant to juvenile. Focal subjects were 22 young monkeys belonging to three cohorts born in 2002, 2003 and 2005. Data were collected with a total 2130 sessions of 30-minute continuous recording of focal subjects combined with all occurrence-sampling methods. The onset of aggressive behavior varied per cohort and was delayed in cohorts with fewer close-aged associates. More than 60% of dyadic combinations in agonistic interactions between peers were unidirectional throughout the study period. Although some bidirectional interactions could have involved unstable relationships between particular individuals, most of the bidirectional interactions included a few continuous series of alternating one-sided interactions. A linear order could be found among peers from the first appearance of aggressive behavior, and nearly 90% of those dyads were concordant with that of their mother＇s rank order. Young males were responsible for most of the dominance relations that would not be predicted based on their mother＇s rank. These results suggest that infant monkeys may recognize their own social status relative to their opponent＇s before onset of aggressive behavior and adjust themselves into the matrilineal rank system accordingly.

关键词： Aggressive behavior Dominance relationship early development Japanese macaque

New phenomenon in early development of sporelings in Gracilaria asiatica Chang et Xia(Gracilariaceae,Rhodophyta)

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2006年第4期24卷 364-369页

作者：赵凤娟王爱华刘吉东段德麟 Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences

Study on the early development of sporelings from carpospores of Gracilaria asiatica Chang et Xia was conducted indoors under controlled culture conditions. Besides normal development of sporelings, a new developmental phenomenon of filamentous frond was observed. It was composed of one or two rows of cells, and took place from the outmost brim of the basal disc. During the early disc stage of germinated carpospores, one or two filamentous fronds formed on about 10% basal discs. Simul-taneously, young fronds began to arch slightly from the centers of single and coalescent discs; lately more filamentous fronds up to 80% appeared on the brims of basal discs. Meanwhile one or more upright fronds protuberated on the basal discs. Generally, filamentous fronds exhibited in self-existence or co-existence forms with normal young sporelings on the same basal disc, and single cell detached from filamentous fronds developed into a new filamentous frond. This new phenomenon exhibited a unique differentiation pathway during the early development of G. asiatica, which would be potential for the ap-plication in artificial sporelings nursery.

关键词： filamentous fronds basal disc sporeling early development Gracilaria asiatica