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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2024年第2期15卷 122-138页

作者： Mahmoud H. Ghozlan Nikita Gambhir Eman EL-Argawy Serkan Tokgöz Dilip K. Lakshman Amitava Mitra University of Nebraska Lincoln NE USA USDA-ARS Beltsville MD USA

The original online version of this article (Ghozlan, M.H., EL-Argawy, E., Tokgöz, S., Lakshman, D.K. and Mitra, A. (2020) Plant Defense against Necrotrophic Pathogens. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 11, 2122-2138. https://***/10.4236/ajps.2020.1112149) was published mistakenly without another co-author, Nikita Gambhir. In this regard, we revise authors and “how to cite” sections by adding her name.

关键词： Effectors Host Immunity Signaling P/MAMP eti Disease Resistance

Diverse interactions of five core type Ⅲ effectors from Ralstonia solanacearum with plants

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2023年第5期50卷 341-352页

作者： Shen Cong Jun-Zhou Li Zheng-Zhong Xiong Hai-Lei Wei Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Regional PlanningChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China

Ralstonia solanacearum is a widespread plant bacterial pathogen that can launch a range of type Ⅲ effectors(T3Es)to cause disease.In this study,we isolate a pathogenic R.solanacearum strain named P380 from tomato rhizosphere.Five out of 12 core T3Es of strain P380 are introduced into Pseudomonas syringae DC3000D36E separately to determine their functions in interacting with plants.DC3000D36E that harbors each effector suppresses FliC-triggered Pti5 and ACRE31 expression,ROS burst,and callose deposition.RipAE,RipU,and RipW elicit cell death as well as upregulate the MAPK cascades in Nicotiana benthamiana.The derivatives RipC1^(△DDXDX(T/V))and RipW^(△DDKXXQ)but not RipAE^(K310R) fail to suppress ROS burst.Moreover,RipAE^(K310R) and RipW^(△DDKXXQ) retain the cell death elicitation ability.RipAE and RipW are associated with salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways,respectively.RipAE and RipAQ significantly promote the propagation of DC3000D36E in plants.The five core T3Es localize in diverse subcellular organelles of nucleus,plasma membrane,endoplasmic reticulum,and Golgi network.The suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 is required for RipAE but not RipU-triggered cell death in N.benthamiana.These results indicate that the core T3Es in R.solanacearum play diverse roles in plantpathogen interactions.

关键词： Ralstonia solanacearum TypeⅢsecretion system Effectors PTI eti

Research on ADR1s helps understanding the plant immune network

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Stress Biology 2022年第1期2卷 545-549页

作者： Meijuan Hu Jian-Min Zhou State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovation Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

Plant innate immunity begins with the recognition of pathogens by plasma membrane localized pattern-recognition receptors(PRRs)and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptors(NLRs),which lead to pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(eti),respectively.For a long time,PTI and eti have been regarded as two independent processes although they share multiple components and signal outputs.Increasing evidence shows an intimate link between PTI and eti.PTI and eti mutually potentiate each other,and this is essential for robust disease resistance during pathogen infection.An ancient class of NLRs called RNLs,so named because they carry a Resistance to Powdery Mildew 8(RPW8)-like coiled-coil(CC)domain in the N terminus,has emerged as a key node connecting PTI and eti.RNLs not only act as helper NLRs that signal downstream of sensor NLRs,they also directly mediate PTI signaling by associating with PRR complexes.Here,we focus on Activated Disease Resistance 1(ADR1),a subclass of RNLs,and discuss its role and mechanism in plant immunity.

关键词： Immune receptors PTI eti Resistance ADR1

Intra-strain Elicitation and Suppression of Plant Immunity by Ralstonia solanacearum Type-III Effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana

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Plant Communications 2020年第4期1卷 87-100页

作者： Yuying Sang Wenjia Yu Haiyan Zhuang Yali Wei Lida Derevnina Gang Yu Jiamin Luo Alberto P.Macho Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201602China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina The Sainsbury Laboratory University of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwich NR47UHUK

Effector proteins delivered inside plant cells are powerful weapons for bacterial pathogens,but this exposes the pathogen to potential recognition by the plant immune system.Therefore,the effector repertoire of a given pathogen must be balanced for a successful infection.Ralstonia solanacearum is an aggressive pathogen with a large repertoire of secreted effectors.One of these effectors,RipE1,is conserved in most R.solanacearum strains sequenced to date.In this work,we found that RipE1 triggers immunity in N.benthamiana,which requires the immune regulator SGT1,but not EDS1 or NRCs.Interestingly,RipE1-triggered immunity induces the accumulation of salicylic acid(SA)and the overexpression of several genes encoding phenylalanine-ammonia lyases(PALs),suggesting that the unconventional PALmediated pathway is responsible for the observed SA biosynthesis.Surprisingly,RipE1 recognition also induces the expression of jasmonic acid(JA)-responsive genes and JA biosynthesis,suggesting that both SA and JA may act cooperatively in response to RipE1.We further found that RipE1 expression leads to the accumulation of glutathione in plant cells,which precedes the activation of immune responses.R.solanacearum secretes another effector,RipAY,which is known to inhibit immune responses by degrading cellular glutathione.Accordingly,RipAY inhibits RipE1-triggered immune responses.This work shows a strategy employed by R.solanacearum to counteract the perception of its effector proteins by plant immune system.

关键词： eti SGT1 effector immunity Ralstonia PAL

Recent Progress in Understanding PAMP- and Effector-Triggered Immunity against the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

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Molecular Plant 2013年第3期6卷 605-620页

作者： Wende Liu Jinling Liu Yuese Ning Bo Ding Xuli Wang Zhilong Wang Guo-Liang Wang State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100193 China Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and College of Agronomy Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 China Department of Plant Pathology Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA

Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most destructive diseases of rice worldwide. The rice-M, oryzae pathosystem has become a model in the study of plant-fungal interactions because of its scientific advancement and economic importance. Recent studies have identified a number of new pathogen- associated molecular patterns （PAMPs） and effectors from the blast fungus that trigger rice immune responses upon perception. Interaction analyses between avirulence effectors and their cognate resistance proteins have provided new insights into the molecular basis of plant-fungal interactions. In this review, we summarize the recent research on the characterization of those genes in both M. oryzae and rice that are important for the PAMP- and effector-triggered immunity recognition and signaling processes. We also discuss future directions for research that will further our understanding of this pathosystem.

关键词： innate immunity PTI eti rice Magnaporthe oryzae.

Matrix formalism for radiating polarization sheets in multilayer structures of arbitrary composition

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Chinese Optics Letters 2017年第8期15卷 81-85页

作者：石卉张雨王洪庆刘韡韬 Physics Department State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano PhotonicStructures (MOE) Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures (Nanjing) Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China

Multilayer structures of thin films are indispensable in modern technology and scientific research. In such structures, interfaces often play a key role： they give rise to desirable electronic and optoelectronic functions, and are the host of many novel phenomena. Across the inter- faces, the broken symmetry often causes a net polar order- ing, which is readily monitored by surface-specific optical techniaues.

关键词： eti SiO EI

Action modes of transcription activator-like effectors(TALEs) of Xanthomonas in plants

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2017年第12期16卷 2736-2745页

作者： XU Zheng-yin ZOU Li-fang MA Wen-xiu CAI Lu-lu YANG Yang-yang CHEN Gong-you School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 P.R.China

Plant-pathogenic Xanthomonas infects a wide variety of host plants and causes many devastating diseases on crops. Transcription activator-like effectors（TALEs） are delivered by a type III secretion system（T3 SS） of Xanthomonas into plant nuclei to directly bind specific DNA sequences（TAL effector-binding elements, EBEs） on either strand of host target genes with an unique modular DNA-binding domain and to bidirectionally drive host gene transcription. The target genes in plants consist of host susceptibility（S） genes promoting disease（ETS） and resistance（R） genes triggering defense（eti）. Here we generally summarized the discovery of TALEs in Xanthomonas species, their functions in bacterial pathogenicity in plants and their target genes in different host plants, and then focused on the newly revealed modes of protein action in triggering or suppressing plant defense.

关键词： Xanthomonas TALE iTALE ETS eti suppressor

Role of small RNAs in the interaction between Arabidopsis and Pseudomonas syringae

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Frontiers in Biology 2011年第6期6卷 462-467页

作者： Yan LI Wenming WANG Jian-Min ZHOU Rice Research Institute Sichuan Agricultural UniversityWenjiang 611130China National Institute of Biological Sciences BeijingBeijing 102206China

Endogenous small RNAs(miRNAs and siRNAs)regulate gene expression in diverse biological processes.Research with the Arabidopsis-Pseudomonas syringae system has shown that small RNAs contribute to plant immunity by regulating the expression of their target genes.Plant immunity can be triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs)or effector proteins that are delivered into the host cell by the pathogen.Experimental evidence indicates that the miRNA pathway play a major role in PAMP-triggered immunity while some of the siRNA pathways appear to be more important in effector-triggered immunity.In addition,some P.syringae effector proteins appear to inhibit miRNA biogenesis or function to enhance bacterial virulence.These exciting findings illustrate a new battle ground for plant-pathogen interactions.

关键词： miRNA siRNA PTI eti effectors

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月季RcCPR5抗白粉病的调控机制

月季RcCPR5抗白粉病的调控机制

作者：李晓瑞上海师范大学

学位级别：硕士

月季（Rosa Chinensis）,蔷薇科,蔷薇属植物,素有“花中皇后“的美誉。月季作为世界上重要的经济和观赏作物,但在种植过程中病害的发生成为月季栽培过程中亟需解决的难题。白粉病是月季生产上极为普遍又重要的病害,是由蔷薇单丝壳（Podo... 详细信息

月季（Rosa Chinensis）,蔷薇科,蔷薇属植物,素有“花中皇后“的美誉。月季作为世界上重要的经济和观赏作物,但在种植过程中病害的发生成为月季栽培过程中亟需解决的难题。白粉病是月季生产上极为普遍又重要的病害,是由蔷薇单丝壳（Podosphaera pannosa）侵染引起的。在世界各地均有发生,无论露地栽培种植的还是温室生产的月季均易感染。白粉病极大降低月季观赏和经济价值。病原体可以将效应蛋白导入宿主细胞以抑制PTI,植物响应相应的防御机制,细胞内核苷酸结合亮氨酸丰富的重复序列（NLR）免疫受体可以直接或间接识别病原体效应因子进而激活免疫效应,诱导免疫致病相关蛋白（PR）等基因表达。PR基因的组成性表达子CPR5（constitutive expresser of PR genes）可以选择性地抑制植物中信号因子进出核膜,在植物细胞中起着控制eti和PCD。基于研究基础,本论文从月季分离RcCPR5基因并且研究其白粉病抗性功能。RcCPR5在月季中具有两个可变剪切,RcCPR5-1和RcCPR5-2在月季不同组织部位中遍在表达;氨基酸序列比对分析表明,RcCPR5-2较于RcCPR5-1存在C端缺失,同时在不同时间病害处理过程中RcCPR5-2相较于RcCPR5-1能迅速做出响应,随着病害处理时间增加,RcCPR5-2与RcCPR5-1相互协调抵御病原菌入侵;利用VIGS实验,发现RcCPR5-1、RcCPR5-2表达量下调能够明显提高月季对白粉病菌抵御能力,并且这种抗病能力在月季‘安吉拉’和‘薰衣草花环’中都得到验证;生化分析验证发现,在正常生长条件下,RcCPR5-1、RcCPR5-2能自身形成同源二聚体,也能互相形成异源二聚体,调节植物正常生长,RcCPR5-2的C端缺失并不会影响同源二聚体和异源二聚体结合作用;当受到病原菌侵染时,RcCPR5-1、RcCPR5-2复合物之间的作用消失;进一步分子机制功能验证,在正常生长条件下,RcCPR5-1、RcCPR5-2能与下游RcSIM/RcSMR结合形成复合物调控细胞正常生长;当受到病原菌侵染时,该复合物解聚,进一步激活植物产生eti反应,抵御病原菌侵染。

关键词：月季 RcCPR5 eti 白粉病菌病毒介导的基因沉默双分子荧光互补技术

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烟草花叶病毒抑制子突变体的筛选与功能鉴定

烟草花叶病毒抑制子突变体的筛选与功能鉴定

作者：裴文悦华中农业大学

学位级别：硕士

番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)作为主要的蔬菜作物,生产上受到烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)的严重危害。抗病毒基因沉默是由病毒的保守模式分子(Pathogen associated molecular pattern,PAMP)双链RNA触发的抗病毒反应,也称为PTI(PAMP triggered immunity)。同时植物还有抗病基因识别病毒效应子而触发的eti(Effector triggered immunity)抗病毒反应,在抗病育种中发挥重要作用。TMV的基因沉默抑制子是病毒的毒力因子同时也是触发eti反应的效应子。本研究立足于近年来关于植物抗病PTI与eti相互影响的观点,以番茄以及茄科模式植物本氏烟草和栽培烟草为研究材料,系统性筛选TMV抑制子突变体,为PTI与eti的相关性研究提供不同毒力的病毒材料,同时为植物抗病毒提供弱毒毒株和防控策略。研究结果如下:(1)TMV突变体的筛选。基于实验室已有的338个TMV-GFP突变体,从病毒复制、抑制子功能、系统性传播和与抗病基因N互作能力四个方面,综合筛选出6个抑制子功能弱突变体(Mild mutant,MM)和6个抑制子功能重度突变体(Severe mutant,SM)。(2)本氏烟草中TMV抑制子功能鉴定体系的建立。原核表达纯化TMVHEL蛋白,并制备小鼠抗体,通过瞬时表达TMV-GFP及突变体,使用抗体血清检测P126表达情况。其次,构建抑制子P126的突变型表达载体,与GFP共表达,通过Western-blot定量检测,筛选出5个MM突变体和4个SM突变体。(3)栽培烟草SR1与番茄A57和M82中病毒侵染体系的建立。将筛选出的突变体分别侵染栽培烟草SR1和SR1中PTI通路关键基因(Rd R1/Rd R6、DCL2/DCL4)RNAi的株系,发现突变体在RNAi株系中系统性传播能力增强。同时,在番茄A57、M82以及M82的DCL2敲除株系中,发现尤其是MM突变体的系统性侵染能力显著恢复。初步在栽培烟草与番茄中成功建立TMV的系统性侵染体系,为后续实验室在两个物种中的抗病机制研究奠定基础。本研究成功筛选出复制、系统性传播和与N基因互作均正常但抑制子功能不同程度突变的TMV突变体,在栽培烟草与番茄中建立了病毒侵染体系,为植物抗病毒的PTI与eti互作研究提供了参考,为植物抗病育种提供了新思路。

关键词：烟草花叶病毒 PTI eti 抑制子功能突变体筛选