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Accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk of women from an e-waste recycling center in China

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2017年第2期29卷 305-313页

作者： Xinghong Li Yuan Tian Yun Zhang Yujie Ben Quanxia Lv State Key Laboratory of environmental Chemistry and ecotoxicology Research Center of Eco-Environment SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences Department of environmental Science and engineering Beijing Technology and Business University

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers（PBDes） can be transferred to infants through the ingestion of breast milk, resulting in potential health risk. In this study, PBDes, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers（OH-PBDes） and 2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexachlorobiphenyl（CB-153）in human milk from women living adjacent to e-waste recycling sites of Wenling,China, were investigated. The median level of PBDes in samples from residents living in the e-waste recycling environment 〉 20 years（R20group, 19.5 ng/g lipid weight（lw））was significantly higher than that for residents living in Wenling 〈 3 years（R3group,3.88 ng/g lw）（p 〈 0.05）, likely ascribable to specific exposure to PBDes from e-waste recycling activities. In the R20 group, most congeners（except for BDe-209） were correlated with each other（p 〈 0.05）. Moreover, CB-153 showed significant association with most PBDe congeners, rather than BDe-209. The relationship indicated that most BDe congeners other than BDe-209 shared common sources and/or pathways with CB-153, e.g., dietary ingestion. The correlations between BDe-209 and other congeners were different in the two groups, likely suggesting their different exposure sources and/or pathways for *** estimated dietary intake of PBDes for infants via breast milk was lower than the minimum value affecting human health, the PBDe exposure of infants should be of great concern because of their potential effect on the development of neonates over long-term exposure. OH-PBDes were not detected in the collected samples, which is in accordance with reports in published literature, likely indicating that they were not apt to be accumulated in human milk.

关键词： PBDes OH-PBDes Human milk e-waste

Sustainability of metal recovery from e-waste metal recovery sustainability

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Frontiers of environmental Science & engineering 2018年第6期12卷 15-26页

作者： Biswajit Debnath Ranjana Chowdhury Sadhan Kumar Ghosh Department of Chemical engineering Jadavpur UniversityKolkata 700032India Department of Mechanical engineering Jadavpur UniversityKolkata 700032India

The issue of e-waste disposal is concerning all the stakeholders, from policymakers to the end users which have accelerated the research and development on environmentally sound disposal of e-waste. The recovery of metals (gold, tantalum, copper, iron etc.) from e-waste has become an important focus. The mechanical recycling, thermo-chemical processes like pyrolysis, pyro-, hydro- and biometallurgical processes can play important roles in the Metal Recovery from e-waste (MReW) technology. For the industrial application of the MReW technology, it is important to analyze the sustainability. In this paper, two case studies have been presented on e-waste recycling industries in India and China. Based on the literature data, an attempt has been made to assess qualitatively the overall sustainability of MReW technology considering the three pillars, i.e., environmental, economic and social. Two conceptual frameworks with (Option-2) and without (Option-1) pyrolysis for integrated MReW units have been developed and the generalized energy and environmental impact analysis has been made using the principles of LCA. The impacts of two options have been compared. Option 2 has been found to be more efficient and sustainable. It has been realized that climate change, fossil fuel depletion, water depletion, eutrophication, acidification, fresh and marine water ecotoxicity are possible impact categories. The recommendations based on the generalized assessment are in good agreement with the findings of previous researchers on individual steps of MReW unit. The findings of this paper are expected to be beneficial to researchers and stakeholders for research directions and decision making on MReW.

关键词： e-waste Metal recovery Metal Recovery from e-waste (MReW) Sustainability

Polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere of Taizhou,a major e-waste dismantling area in China

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2010年第4期22卷 589-597页

作者： Wenliang Han Jialiang Feng Zeping Gu Minghong Wu Guoying Sheng Jiamo Fu Institute of environmental Pollution and Health Shanghai University Shanghai 200072 China Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China

PM2.5, total suspended particles （TSP） and gas phase samples were collected at two sites of Talzhou, a major e-waste dismantling area in China. Concentrations, seasonal variations, congener profiles, gas-particle partitioning and size distribution of the atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） were studied to assess the current state of atmospheric PCBs after the phase out of massive historical dismantling of PCBs containing e-wastes. The average ∑38PCBs concentration in the ambient air （TSP plus gas phase） near the e-waste dismantling area was （12,407 ± 9592） pg/m^3 in winter, which was substantially lower than that found one decade ago. However, the atmospheric PCBs level near the e-waste dismantling area was 54 times of the reference urban site, indicating that the impact of the historical dismantling of PCBs containing e-wastes was still significant. Tri-Penta-CBs were dominant homologues, consisting with their dominant global production. Size distribution of particle-bound PCBs showed that higher chlorinated CBs tended to partition more to the fine particles, facilitating its long range air transportation.

关键词： polychlorinated biphenyls e-waste PM2.5 total suspended particles Talzhou

extraction of heavy metals from e-waste contaminated soils using eDDS

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2012年第11期24卷 1985-1994页

作者： Renxiu Yang Chunling Luo Gan Zhang Xiangdong Li Zhenguo Shen College of Life Sciences Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510640China Department of Civil and Structural engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HornKowloonHong KongChina

environmental contamination due to uncontrolled e-waste recycling activities is drawing increasing attention in the world. extraction of these metals with biodegradable chelant [S,S]-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid （eDDS） and the factors influencing extraction efficacy were investigated in the present study. Results showed that the addition of eDDS at low pH （5.5） produced higher metal extraction than that at high pH （8.0） solution. Metal speciation analysis indicated that Cu was completely complexed with eDDS at different pH conditions with various amounts of eDDS applied. For Pb and Zn, at low eDDS dose of 0.304 mol/kg soil, they were present as Pb- and Zn-eDDS. However, at high eDDS dose of 1.26 mol/kg soil, most of Pb was bound with dissolved organic matter. Ca and A1 were found to be strong competitors for trace metals to eDDS at low application dose and low pH condition.

关键词： e-waste soil washing biodegradable chelant heavy metal eDDS

Zero e-waste:Regulatory impediments and blockchain imperatives

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Frontiers of environmental Science & engineering 2021年第6期15卷 231-240页

作者： Mengjun Chen Oladele A.Ogunseitan Key Laboratory of Solid waste Treatment and Resource Recycle(SWUST)(Ministry of education) Southwest University of Science and TechnologyMianyang 621010China Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention University of California-IrvineIrvineCA 92697-3957USA

The concept of zero waste is an ideal situation that will require different solutions for different categories of *** waste(e-waste),the fastest growing category of solid hazardous waste presents various unique *** product repair,reuse and remanufacture(3re)are crucial for effective source reduction of e-waste and the integration of the electronics industry into a circular or zero-waste economy ***,3re implementation is restricted by regulatory difficulties,particularly the invocation of copyright ***,we use the examples of electronic printer cartridges and restored compact discs(CDs)to identify the challenges and to explore solutions for managing the risks associated with e-waste through circular economy and the opportunities presented by innovative Blockchain solutions.A set of international consensuses on judicial definitions,such as 3re,refurbish fake/counterfeit product and copyright exhaustion,are proposed to accelerate source reduction in e-waste management toward the goal of zero waste.

关键词： Blockchain e-waste Regulatory Policy Copyright Laws Repair-Reuse-Remanufacture Toxicity

Legacies and health risks of heavy metals,polybrominated diphenyl ethers,and polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins/furans at e-waste recycling sites in South China

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Frontiers of environmental Science & engineering 2023年第7期17卷 1-10页

作者： Xu Zhao Wei Li Wei Wang Jingjing Liu Yunjiang Yu Yang Li Xichao Chen Yun Liu State environmental Protection Key Laboratory of environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment South China Institute of Environmental SciencesMinistry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of ChinaGuangzhou 510655China

Informal electronic-waste(e-waste)recycling sites pose substantial health risks to surrounding environments and populations,yet they are not properly *** this study,the soil levels of copper,lead,cadmium,eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDes),and 18 polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins/furans(PCDD/Fs)were measured at two e-waste recycling sites in South China between 2014 and *** sites have been abandoned for natural *** results indicate that the mean Cd and PCDD/F levels at Site A in 2019 were higher than those recommended by current safety ***,the highest exposure among children was 1.36×10^(−2)mg/(kg·d)for Cu,followed by 5.05×10^(−3)mg/(kg·d)for Pb,9.71 ng/(kg·d)for PBDes,and 6.82 ng TeQ/(kg·d)for PCDD/*** were at elevated risk for health problem posed by Pb and Cu exposure at both sites(hazard quotient>1)and by PCDD/Fs at Site *** risk assessment was conducted on the target organs and endpoints of heavy metals and PCDD/*** hazard index(HI)for the target organ mixed-risk of heavy metals was high(HI=1.27),as was that of PCDD/Fs(HI=1.66),which can disrupt endocrine function and pose a risk of reproductive toxicity in *** to incomplete cleaning,contaminants persist in soils over long periods and may harm nearby environments and *** study demonstrates that heavy metal,PBDe,and PCDD/F contamination have not yet been remediated,and intervention is needed to reduce pollution and associated risks in areas affected by e-waste.

关键词： e-waste Human health risk Organ risk Heavy metal toxicity PBDe PCDD/F

Spent rechargeable lithium batteries in e-waste： composition and its implications

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Frontiers of environmental Science & engineering 2014年第5期8卷 792-796页

作者： Xianlai ZeNG Jinhui LI State Key Joint Laboratory of environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

The amount of spent rechargeable lithium batteries （RLBs） is growing rapidly owing to wide application of these batteries in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, which obliges that spent RLBs should be handled properly. Identification of spent RLBs can supply fundamental information for spent RLBs recycling. This study aimed to determine the differences of physical components and chemical compositions among various spent RLBs. All the samplings of RLBs were rigorously dismantled and measured by an inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer. The results indicate that the average of total weight of the separator, the anode and the cathode accounted for over 60% of all the RLBs. The weight ratio of valuable metals ranged from 26% to 76%, and approximately 20% of total weight was Cu and Al. Moreover, no significant differences were found among different manufacturers, applications, and electrolyte types. And regarding portable electronic devices, there is also no significant difference in the Co-Li concentration ratios in the leaching liquid of RLBs.

关键词： rechargeable lithium batteries e-waste physical components difference analysis recycling

evaluating the treatment of e-waste──a case study of discarded refrigerators

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Journal of China University of Mining and Technology 2008年第3期18卷 454-458页

作者： DeNG Jian-jun WeN Xue-feng ZHAO Yue-min School of Chemical engineering and Technology China University of Mining ＆ Technology Xuzhou Jiangsu 221008 China National Center of Solid waste Management MEP Beijing 100029 China

Disassembly and recycling of e-waste creates a series of environmental problems. The selection of a technologically reliable, environmentally friendly, economically affordable and socially acceptable recycling technology for e-waste is a significant question. This study establishes a Monte-Carlo mathematical model of cost minimization, given the constraints of environmentally sound handling of the e-waste, in the context of Crystal Ball risk assessment and evaluation software. By following the streams of the different treatment processes, which consist of various technologies including disassembly, recycling and disposal, the econom-ics of various possibilities were identified and the optimal recycling technology proposed. The key factors of the proposed scenarios were determined by using sensitivity analysis. The results of this study show that, for discarded refrigerators, the operating life span plays the key role. The model supports maintenance and resale of the short lived refrigerators. For the longer lived refrigerators material recycling is recommended by the model. Sensitivity analysis shows that purchase cost, plastic sale price, condenser sale price and disassembly costs are the main effects. This study provides a significant technical support for policy making in e-waste management.

关键词： e-waste end-of-life refrigerator recycling Monte-carlo method sensitivity analysis

Comprehensive evaluation of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in surface soils and river sediments from e-waste-processing sites in a village in northern Vietnam:Heading towards the environmentally sound management of e-waste

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emerging Contaminants 2016年第2期2卷 98-108页

作者： Go Suzuki Masayuki Someya Hidenori Matsukami Nguyen Minh Tue Natsuyo Uchida Le Huu Tuyen Pham Hung Viet Shin Takahashi Shinsuke Tanabe Abraham Brouwer Hidetaka Takigami Center for Material Cycles and waste Management Research National Institute for Environmental Studies(NIES)Tsukuba 305-8506Japan Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for environmental Protection 1-7-5 Shinsuna KotoTokyo 136-0075Japan Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo5-1-5 KashiwanohaKashiwa 277-8563Japan Center for Marine environmental Studies Ehime UniversityMatsuyama 790-8577Japan Research Centre for environmental Technology and Sustainable Development(CeTASD) VNU Hanoi University of Science334 Nguyen TraiHanoiViet Nam Center of Advanced Technology for the environment Faculty of AgricultureEhime University3-5-7 TarumiMatsuyama 790-8566Japan BioDetection Systems 1098 XH AmsterdamThe Netherlands

The management of electronic waste(e-waste),which can be a source of both useful materials and toxic substances,depending on the processing method,is important for promoting material *** this study,we used the dioxin-responsive chemical-activated luciferase gene expression(DR-CALUX)assay combined with gas chromatographyehigh-resolution mass spectrometry to evaluate the levels of dioxin-like compounds in surface soils and river sediments collected in and around an e-waste-processing village in northern *** WHO-TeQs(Toxic equivalents)of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs),coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls(Co-PCBs),and polybrominated dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans(PBDD/Fs)in soils collected in January 2012 ranged from 0.29 to 310 pg/g(median 2.9 pg/g,n=32),and the WHO-TeQs in sediments ranged from 0.96 to 58 pg/g(median 4.4 pg/g,n=8).Dioxin-like activities(CALUX-TeQs[2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent])in soils collected in January 2012,2013,and 2014 ranged fromediane activities in sediments ranged fromedian 33 pg/g,n=24).Dioxin-like compounds accumulated in samples collected around e-waste-processing areas such as open-burning sites and e-waste-processing workshops,and the compounds may be transported from their sources to surrounding areas over the course of several *** of the CALUX-TeQs,but not WHO-TeQs,values were higher than the maximum acceptable WHO-TeQs promulgated by various authorities,indicating that all dioxin-like compounds should be evaluated in samples collected from e-waste-processing *** findings suggest that open burning and open storage of e-waste should be prohibited and that wastewater treatment should be implemented at each workshop to reduce contamination by dioxin-like compounds from e-waste.

关键词： Dioxin Brominated dioxin e-waste Open burning CALUX