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e-cigarettes and arterial health:A review of the link between vaping and atherosclerosis progression

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World Journal of Cardiology 2024年第12期16卷 707-719页

作者： Muhammad Hassan Julia Vinagolu-Baur Vivian Li Kelly Frasier Grace Herrick Tiffany Scotto erica Rankin Department of Medicine Nuvance HealthVassar Brothers Medical CenterPoughkeepsieNY 12601United States Department of Medical education State University of New YorkUpstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNY 13210United States Department of Medical education Alabama College of Osteopathic MedicineDothanAL 36303United States Department of Medicine University of Florida HealthJacksonvilleFL 32209United States Department of Medical education Nova Southeastern University Kiran C.Patel College of Osteopathic MedicineFort LauderdaleFL 33328United States

Recent studies have suggested an evolving understanding of the association be-tween vaping,specifically electronic cigarette(e-cigarette)use,and the progre-ssion of atherosclerosis,a significant contributor to cardiovascular ***-pite the prevailing perception of vaping as a safer alternative to traditional toba-cco smoking,accumulating evidence suggests that the aerosols emitted by e-cigarettes contain harmful constituents that may promote endothelial dysfunction,oxidative stress,inflammation,and dyslipidemia—key mechanisms implicated in atherosclerosis *** past research,including experimental studies and clinical investigations,has shed light on the potential cardiovascular risks associated with vaping,gaps in knowledge *** research endeavors should focus on interpreting the long-term effects of vaping on atherosclerosis development and progression,exploring the impact of different e-cigarette formu-lations and user demographics,and identifying effective strategies for mitigating the cardiovascular consequences of *** identifying and addressing these research gaps,we can enhance our understanding of the cardiovascular implica-tions of vaping and inform evidence-based interventions and policies to safe-guard public *** Tip:e-cigarette use has been linked to various cardiovascular risks,including the progression of *** the perception of vaping as a safer alternative to smoking,evidence suggests that e-cigarette aerosols contain harmful substances that contribute to endothelial dysfunction,oxidative stress,inflammation,and *** mechanisms are crucial in the development and progression of *** review explores multiple facets of e-cigarettes and arterial health,focusing on the connection between vaping and atherosclerosis *** presents up-to-date evidence on pathophysiology and significant clinical implications,the impact of various constituents,and discusses cont

关键词： e-cigarettes Vaping Atherosclerosis Cardiovascular disease Dyslipidemia Oxidative stress Nicotine

Attitudes toward e-cigarettes, Reasons for Initiating e-Cigarette Use, and Changes in Smoking Behavior after Initiation: A Pilot Longitudinal Study of Regular Cigarette Smokers

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014年第10期4卷 789-800页

作者： Carla J. Berg Dana Boyd Barr erin Stratton Cam escoffery Michelle Kegler Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health education Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta USA Department of environmental Health Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta USA

Objectives: We examined 1) changes in smoking and vaping behavior and associated cotinine levels and health status among regular smokers who were first-time e-cigarette purchasers and 2) attitudes, intentions, and restrictions regarding e-cigarettes. Methods: We conducted a pilot longitudinal study with assessments of the aforementioned factors and salivary cotinine at weeks 0, 4, and 8. eligibility criteria included being ≥18 years old, smoking ≥25 of the last 30 days, smoking ≥5 cigarettes per day (cpd), smoking regularly ≥1 year, and not having started using e-cigarettes. Of 72 individuals screened, 40 consented, 36 completed the baseline survey, and 83.3% and 72.2% were retained at weeks 4 and 8, respectively. Results: Participants reduced cigarette consumption from baseline to week 4 and 8 (p’s eported no cigarette use in the past month at week 8. There was no significant decrease in cotinine from baseline to week 4 or 8 (p’s = ns). At week 8, the majority reported improved health (65.4%), reduced smoker’s cough (57.7%), and improved sense of smell (53.8%) and taste (50.0%). The majority believed that e-cigarettes versus regular cigarettes have fewer health risks (97.2%) and that e-cigarettes have been shown to help smokers quit (80.6%) and reduce cigarette consumption (97.2%). In addition, the majority intended to use e-cigarettes as a complete replacement for regular cigarettes (69.4%) and reported no restriction on e-cigarette use in the home (63.9%) or car (80.6%). Conclusions: Future research is needed to document the long-term impact on smoking behavior and health among cigarette smokers who initiate use of e-cigarettes.

关键词： e-cigarettes Cessation Harm Reduction Longitudinal Study Nicotine Biomarkers

Toxicology of Commonly Found Ingredients in e-cigarettes: A Brief Review

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Health 2021年第11期13卷 1396-1409页

作者： Hussam Z. Alshareef Stanley T. Omaye environmental Science Graduate Program University of Nevada Reno USA Department of Nutrition University of Nevada Reno USA

electronic cigarettes (eC) have gained popularity among smokers due to their taste, smell, appearance, and easy availability compared to traditional cigarettes, as well as the perception that they are safer than traditional cigarettes. These devices result in aerosols containing nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin, ethylene glycol, vitamin e, and chemical flavors inhaled into the lungs. Other components found in these vapors include heavy metals such as nickel, chromium, lead, manganese, and tin. In addition, some ingredients volatilization leads to toxic aldehydes formation such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein. Smoking cigarettes is addictive and has been associated with many health issues such as heart disease, lung cancer, etc. Rising awareness of these dangers moves more people towards these electronic delivery systems, reducing the health effects of cigarettes. The toxicity of eC’s ingredients is well studied when ingested;however, their toxicity through inhalation remains unclear. Consequently, the use of eCs has become a significant concern worldwide and raises whether it is indeed safe to use. This paper will serve as a literature review paper to discuss the toxicity of commonly found ingredients in eCs and their associated health issues. Our conclusion emphasizes that even though smoking eC is less risker than smoking traditional cigarettes, it is still not safe due to the potentially harmful effect these e-cig’s ingredients have on the human’s health. In addition, e-cigarette’s aerosol could also contain toxic compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein due to glycerin’s thermo-degradation.

关键词： Nicotine Delivery Systems electronic cigarettes Vapping e-cigarettes Nicotine Smoking

Does Smoking Weaken the Immune System: A Narrative Review

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Health 2024年第6期16卷 553-560页

作者： Anas Malik Radif Alubaidi Nevada USA

Smoking has a complex impact on the immune system, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. It can exacerbate pathogenic immune responses and attenuate defensive immunity, leading to a higher susceptibility to infections and certain diseases. The chemicals in cigarette smoke, such as nicotine and carbon monoxide, can alter immune cell functions and inflammatory responses. Smoking can also have long-term effects on the immune system, with some changes persisting even after quitting [1]. According to a Penn Medicine Physician, the Medical Oncologist Dr. David Porter, “People who are smokers tend to get sicker from infections”, “It may be that smoking impacts the immune system’s ability to respond appropriately”. Thus, such individuals within smoking exposure history might be considered as immunocompromised due to the altered and weakened immune system. Cigarette smoking is a prevalent habit with far-reaching health implications. Among its many adverse effects, smoking significantly alters the immune system’s functionality [1].

关键词： Smoking Immunity Immune System Immunocompromised e-cigarettes Hookahs

Smoking and Passive Smoking

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Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications 2016年第B09期1卷 391-398页

作者： Russell V.Luepker Mayo Professor Division of Epidemiology and Community HealthSchool of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN 55454USA

Objective:To review the literature on associations between cardiovascular diseases and tobacco use,including recent trends in smoking behaviors and clinical approaches for cessation of ***:A literature review of recent scientifi c fi ndings for smoking and cardiovascular diseases and recommendations for obtaining ***:Tobacco smoking is causally related to cardiovascular disease,with nearly a half million deaths annually attributed to cigarette smoking in the United *** human,economic,medical,and indirect costs are *** smoke as inhaled from the environment also plays an important role in the genesis of cardiovascular diseases.A recent trend in the use of e-cigarettes is noted particularly among *** children,prevention is the best *** adult smokers,behavioral treatments,self-help approaches,and pharmacologic therapies are readily *** can have a signifi cant impact on patients’smoking *** to individual strategies,regulatory community and public health approaches provide the potential for eliminating the use of ***:Tobacco smoke causes cardiovascular morbidity and *** can play a role in preventing smoking and promoting cessation.

关键词： tobacco cigarettes smoking cessation e-cigarettes secondhand smoke myocardial infarction stroke

Investigation on the Danger of electronic Cigarette on Young Adults

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Journal of Contemporary educational Research 2019年第3期3卷 8-11页

作者： Vivian Chen Wellington College International Shanghai ShanghaiChina

It is commonly known that smoking tobacco can lead to adverse health ***,faced with the temptation of tobacco,there are still many tobacco users who choose to ignore the health effect of ***,electronic cigarettes(e-cigarettes)have been introduced as a way to remedy the negative consequences of smoking tobacco.e-cigarettes have become a trend,especially among youth populations,given their curiosity about the new product,their pursuit of tobacco culture,and their misconceptions about e-cigarettes’harmful *** has caused the number of e-cigarette users to continue ***,studies have shown that smoking e-cigarettes can have a harmful effect on their users,and particularly for young smokers,with harmful effects deteriorating not only the physical health of the smoker but also mental and behavioral *** paper focuses on an investigation into harmful effects that e-cigarettes have on youth,exploring the specific hazards of the chemicals in *** hope is that this work can offer beneficial insights for youth and the society as a whole concerning the harmful effects of e-cigarettes,thereby reducing or terminating the use of e-cigarettes altogether.

关键词： e-cigarettes health survey health research youth

e-Cigarette Survey among Student Pharmacists Reveals Troubling Results

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2020年第6期11卷 127-136页

作者： Jamie L. McConaha Phillip Lunney Jan M. Kitzen Joseph V. Pergolizzi Jr. Robert Taylor Jr. Robert B. Raffa Duquesne University School of Pharmacy Pittsburgh PA USA Lachman Consultants Westbury NY USA Kitzen Pharmaceutical Consulting Collegeville PA USA NeMA Research Naples FL USA University of Arizona College of Pharmacy Tucson AZ USA Neumentum Inc. Palo Alto CA USA Temple University School of Pharmacy Philadelphia PA USA

The rise in “vaping”-associated deaths in the United States raises serious concerns. A justification for some level of risk is that e-cigarettes might provide a “reverse-gateway” from smoking traditional cigarettes to a less-harmful alternative. But are users actually smokers? We developed an electronic on-line survey to gather data regarding e-cigarette usage in a target study population of pharmacy students. The survey was created using Google Forms to collect the responses anonymously. We surveyed medical-savvy healthcare students about their e-cigarette use, and whether or not their healthcare providers were aware of their e-cigarette use. Although nearly one-fourth of a convenience sampling of 134 pharmacy-student respondents (23.9%) reported using e-cigarettes, only 2.0% reported prior regular cigarette use, 28% used cartridges containing nicotine and only 11.2% had tried and wanted to quit. The majority (64.1%) reported that their healthcare providers did not ask about such use, and respondents did not volunteer this information. The results of this pilot survey reveal a significant e-cigarette use among health-aware pharmacy students, and they do not support the notion that the respondents do so to quit smoking. The observation that most of the students’ healthcare providers did not inquire about their e-cigarette use, coupled with the finding that users did not volunteer their vaping behavior,e="font-family:Verdana;"> suggests that the information should be included when getting a medical history. Further research is needed to determine what behavioral factors may play a role in this type of decision-making among student healthcare professionals.

关键词： e-cigarettes Nicotine Smoking Cessation Survey Vaping

e-Cigarette Vapor Decreases Cellular Proliferation through Nicotine-Dependent Mechanisms

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2019年第7期7卷 121-134页

作者： Stefanie Rigg Lindsay M. Gielda Purdue University Northwest Westville IN USA

electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has risen as individuals look for healthier nicotine delivery systems than conventional cigarettes, but recent studies have demonstrated variable physiological responses to e-cigarette vapor. The safety of e-cigarette vapor remains an open question. We investigated the molecular cellular response of adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells to flavored e-cigarette vapor. e-cigarette and cigarette vapor were extracted via a vacuum-percolating system into PBS. The effects of a flavored e-liquid containing nicotine (eCSe) and nicotine free e-liquid (NFeCSe) were compared to cigarette smoke extract (CSe), pure nicotine, glycerol, and PBS. Cells exposed to eCSe and NFeCSe had decreased cell viability and proliferation. An increase in active caspase-3 was observed in cells exposed to NFeCSe, while cells exposed to eCSe and CSe displayed no change, suggesting nicotine-mediated protection from apoptosis. However, phosphorylated Akt, which regulates cellular proliferation, was elevated in response to eCSe, NFeCSe, CSe, and glycerol. As the glutathione-oxidative stress response was known to integrate cellular factors including carcinogenesis, inflammation, and cell proliferation, GSH/GSSG levels were measured in cells exposed to e-cigarette smoke. An increase in oxidative stress was observed in cells treated with CSe, but not eCSe, suggesting components in CSe independent of nicotine may be contributing to an imbalance in the stress response. These results indicate e-cigarette vapor affects A549 cell viability dependent on nicotine, and is distinct from CSe-induced mechanisms of oxidative-stress.

关键词： e-cigarettes Oxidative Stress Nicotine Apoptosis

Misclassification of smoking habits:An updated review of the literature

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World Journal of Meta-Analysis 2019年第2期7卷 31-50页

作者： Janette S Hamling Katharine J Coombs Peter N Lee RoeLee Statistics Ltd. P.N. Lee Statistics and Computing Ltd.

BACKGROUND Misclassification of smoking habits leads to underestimation of true relationships between diseases and active smoking, and overestimation of true relationships with passive smoking. Information on misclassification rates can be obtained from studies using cotinine as a *** To estimate overall misclassification rates based on a review and meta-analysis of the available evidence, and to investigate how misclassification rates depend on other *** We searched for studies using cotinine as a marker which involved at least 200 participants and which provided information on high cotinine levels in selfreported non-, never, or ex-smokers or on low levels in self-reported smokers. We estimated overall misclassification rates weighted on sample size and investigated heterogeneity by various study characteristics. Misclassification rates were calculated for two cotinine cut points to distinguish smokers and nonsmokers, the higher cut point intended to distinguish regular *** After avoiding double counting, 226 reports provided 294 results from 205 studies. A total of 115 results were from North America, 128 from europe, 25 from Asia and 26 from other countries. A study on 6.2 million life insurance applicants was considered separately. Based on the lower cut point, true current smokers represented 4.96%(95% CI 4.32-5.60%) of reported non-smokers, 3.00%(2.45-3.54%) of reported never smokers, and 10.92%(9.23-12.61%) of reported exsmokers. As percentages of true current smokers, non-, never and ex-smokers formed, respectively, 14.50%(12.36-16.65%), 5.70%(3.20-8.20%), and 8.93%(6.57-11.29%). Reported current smokers represented 3.65%(2.84-4.45%) of true non-smokers. There was considerable heterogeneity between misclassification *** of claiming never smoking were very high in Asian women smokers, the individual studies reporting rates of 12.5%, 22.4%, 33.3%, 54.2% and 66.3%. False claims of quitting were relatively high in pregnant

关键词： Misclassification Smoking Cotinine cigarettes Tobacco use e-cigarettes Passive smoking Bias Systematic review Meta-analysis