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drip irrigation incorporating water conservation measures:Effects on soil water-nitrogen utilization,root traits and grain production of spring maize in semi-arid areas

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2021年第12期20卷 3127-3142页

作者： WU Yang BIAN Shao-feng LIU Zhi-ming WANG Li-chun WANG Yong-jun XU Wen-hua ZHOU Yu Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033P.R.China Jiujiang University Jiujiang 332005P.R.China Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016P.R.China Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences Yongchuan 402160P.R.China

The Northeast Plain is the largest maize production area in China,and drip irrigation has recently been proposed to cope with the effects of frequent droughts and to improve water use efficiency(WUE).In order to develop an efficient and environmentally friendly irrigation system,drip irrigation experiments were conducted in 2016-2018 incorporating different soil water conservation measures as follows:(1)drip irrigation under plastic film mulch(PI),(2)drip irrigation under biodegradable film mulch(BI),(3)drip irrigation incorporating straw returning(SI),and(4)drip irrigation with the tape buried at a shallow soil depth(OI);with furrow irrigation(FI)used as the *** results showed that PI and Bl gave the highest maize yield,as well as the highest WUE and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)because of the higher root length density(RLD)and better heat conditions during the vegetative *** compared with BI,PI consumed more soil water in the 20-60 and 60-100 cm soil layers,and accelerated the progress of root and leaf senescence due to a larger root system in the top 0-20 cm soil layer and a higher soil temperature during the reproductive *** was effective in improving soil water and nitrate contents,and promoted RLD in deeper soil layers,thereby maintaining higher physiological activity during the reproductive *** resulted in higher nitrate levels in the deep 60-100 cm soil layer,which increased the risk of nitrogen losses by leaching compared with the drip irrigation *** in the 0-20 cm soil layer was highly positively correlated with yield,WUE and NUE(P<0.001),but it was negatively correlated with root nitrogen use efficiency(NRE)(P<0.05),and the correlation was weaker in deeper soil *** concluded that Bl had advantages in water-nitrogen utilization and yield stability response to drought stress,and thus is recommended for environmentally friendly and sustainable maize production in Northeast China.

关键词： drip irrigation root water use efficiency nitrogen use efficiency maize

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drip irrigation Scheduling for Tomato Grown in Solar Greenhouse Based on Pan Evaporation in North China Plain

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2013年第3期12卷 520-531页

作者： LIU Hao DUAN Ai-wang LI Fu-sheng SUN Jing-sheng WANG Yan-cong SUN Chi-tao Key Laboratory for Crop Water Requirement and Regulation of Ministry of Agriculture Farmland Irrigation Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) College of Agriculture Guangxi University

This study has investigated the suitable drip irrigation scheduling for tomato grown in solar greenhouse based on 20-cm pan evaporation （Epan） in North China Plain. irrigation treatments included three irrigation frequencies （11 10, 12 20 and 13 30 mm, and irrigation interval of 2-6 d for 11, 4-9 d for 12 and 8-12 d for 13） based on accumulated pan evaporation （Epan）, and four plant-pan coefficients （Kcp1 0.5, Kcp2 0.7, Kcp3 0.9 and Kcp4 1.1）. Results indicate that total irrigation amount, seasonal crop evapotranspiration （ET） and tomato yield （Y） were 185.1-365.8 mm, 249.1-388.0 mm and 99.6-151.8 t ha^-1, respectively. irrigation frequency and amount increased the yield, and second-degree polynomial relationship was found between Y and ET （R2=0.8671）. irrigation frequency did not increase mean fruit weight, diameter and length significantly but increased fruit number, total soluble solids content （TSS）, TSS yield, fruit firmness and water use efficiency （WUE） and irrigation WUE （IWUE） significantly. irrigation amount increased external quality of tomato but reduced TSS content, TSS yield, fruit firmness, WUE and IWUE significantly. Kep3 and gep4 treatments had the highest fruit yield, but Kep2 and Kep3 treatments had the highest WUE. 11Kcp3 treatment （irrigation interval of 2-6 d, and Kop=0.9） had higher IWUE, WUE, external quality, yield, and TSS yield, so it is recommended as the suitable irrigation scheduling for tomato grown in solar greenhouse in North China Plain.

关键词： drip irrigation fruit quality irrigation scheduling tomato water use efficiency yield

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HYDRAULIC CHARACTERIZATIONS OF TORTUOUS FLOW IN PATH drip irrigation EMITTER

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2006年第4期18卷 449-457页

作者： LI Yun-kai YANG Pei-ling REN Shu-mei XU Ting-wu College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing 100083 China International College at Beijing China Agricultural University Beijing 100083 China

At present, the tortuous emitter has the most advanced performances in drip irrigation. But the theories and methods for designing its flow path have been strictly confidential and the researches on the function of practical guidance have seldom been published. Seven types of most representative tortuous emitting-pipes currently used in agricultural irrigation regions of China were chosen for investigating the geometric parameters of the flow path by means of combining high-precision microscope and AutoCAD technology. By the measurement platform developed by the authors for hydraulic performances of emitters, the free discharge rates from the 7 types of emitters were measured at 9 pressure levels of 1.5 m, 3.0 m, 5.0 m, 7.0 m, 9.0 m, 10.0 m, 11.0 m, 13.0 m and 15.0 m. Then the discharge-pressure relationship, manufacturing variation coefficient, average velocity on the cross-section of flow path and the critical Reynolds number for the flow regime transformation within the paths were analyzed in detail. The results show that both pressure-ascending work pattern and pressure-descending work pattern have some impacts on the discharge rates of tortuous emitters, but the impact level is not significant. The target pressure could be approached by repetitive applications of the two work patterns during pressure regulation. The operation under low pressures has some impacts on the hydraulic performances of emitters, but the impact level is also not significant. The classical model of the discharge-pressure relationship is suitable for the pressure range of 1.5 m -15.0 m. The Reynolds number for fluids within the 7 types of tortuous emitters ranges from Re=105 to Re =930. The critical Reynolds number for the flow regime transformation is smaller than that for the routine dimension flow path. The variation coefficient of emitter discharge rates is slightly fluctuating around a certain value within the whole pressure range.

关键词： drip irrigation emitters tortuous flow pathhydraulic performances flow characteristics

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Decomposition characteristics of organic materials and their effects on labile and recalcitrant organic carbon fractions in a semi-arid soil under plastic mulch and drip irrigation

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Journal of Arid Land 2018年第1期10卷 115-128页

作者： hu juan wu jinggui qu xiaojing college of resource and environmental science jilin agricultural universityChangchun 130118China

Labile organic carbon （LC） and recalcitrant organic carbon （RC） are two major fractions of soil organic carbon （SOC） and play a critical role in organic carbon turnover and sequestration. The aims of this study were to evaluate the variations of LC and RC in a semi-arid soil （Inner Mongolia, China） under plastic mulch and drip irrigation after the application of organic materials （OMs）, and to explore the effects of OMs from various sources on LC and RC by probing the decomposition characteristics of OMs using in-situ nylon mesh bags burying method. The field experiment included seven treatments, i.e., chicken manure （CM）, sheep manure （SM）, mushroom residue （MR）, maize straw （MS）, fodder grass （FG）, tree leaves （TL） and no OMs as a control （CK）. Soil LC and RC were separated by Huygens D＇s method （particle size-density）, and the average soil mass recovery rate and carbon recovery rate were above 95%, which indicated this method was suitable for carbon pools size analysis. The LC and RC contents significantly （P〈0.01） increased after the application of OMs. Moreover, LC and RC contents were 3.2%-8.6% and 5.0%-9.4% higher in 2016 than in 2015. The applications of CM and SM significantly increased （P〈0,01） LC content and LC/SOC ratio, whereas they were the lowest after the application of TL. However, SOC and RC contents were significantly higher （P〈0.01） after the applications of TL and MS. The correlation analysis indicated the decomposition rate of OMs was positively related with LC content and LC/SOC ratio. In addition, lignin, polyphenol, WOM （total water-soluble organic matter）, WHA （water-soluble humic acid）, HSL （humicdike substance） and HAL （humic acid-like） contents in initial OMs played important roles in SOC and RC. In-situ nylon mesh bags burying experiment indicated the decomposition rates of CM, SM and MS were significantly higher than those of MR, FG, and TL. Furthermore, MS could result in more lignin derivatives, WHA, and HAL polymers in shorter time

关键词： organic materials labile organic carbon recalcitrant organic carbon decomposition characteristics plasticmulch drip irrigation Inner Mongolia

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Effects of emitter discharge rates on soil salinity distribution and cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in an arid region of Northwest China

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Journal of Arid Land 2013年第1期5卷 51-59页

作者： Sulitan DANIERHAN Abudu SHALAMU Hudan TUMAERBAI DongHai GUAN State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China Xinjiang Institute of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Sciences Urumqi 830049 China College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumqi 830052 China

A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different emitter discharge rates under drip irrigation on soil salinity distribution and cotton yield in an extreme arid region of Tarim River catchment in Northwest China. Four treatments of emitter discharge rates, i.e. 1.8, 2.2, 2.6 and 3.2 L/h, were designed under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in this paper. The salt distribution in the range of 70-cm horizontal distance and 100-cm vertical distance from the emitter was measured and analyzed during the cotton growing season. The soil salinity is expressed in terms of electrical conductivity （dS/m） of the saturated soil extract （ECe）, which was measured using Time Domain Reflector （TDR） 20 times a year, including 5 irrigation events and 4 measured times before/after an irrigation event. All the treatments were repeated 3 times. The groundwater depth was observed by SEBA MDS Dipper 3 automatically at three experimental sites. The results showed that the order of reduction in averaged soil salinity was 2.6 L/h 〉 2.2 L/h 〉 1.8 L/h 〉 3.2 L/h after the completion of irrigation for the 3-year cotton growing season. Therefore, the choice of emitter discharge rate is considerably important in arid silt loam. Usually, the ideal emitter discharge rate is 2.4-3.0 L/h for soil desalinization with plastic mulch, which is advisable mainly because of the favorable salt leaching of silt loam and the climatic conditions in the studied arid area. Maximum cotton yield was achieved at the emitter discharge rate of 2.6 L/h under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in silty soil at the study site. Hence, the emitter discharge rate of 2.6 L/h is recommended for drip irrigation with plastiic mulch applied in silty soil in arid regions.

关键词： drip irrigation soil salinity salt balance cotton yield emitter discharge rate

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Changes in Soil Properties Under the Influences of Cropping and drip irrigation During the Reclamation of Severe Salt-Affected Soils

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Agricultural Sciences in China 2009年第10期8卷 1228-1237页

作者： TAN Jun-li KANG Yue-hu Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related and Land Surface Processes Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resource ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P.R.China Graduate School Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 P.R.China College of Civil Engineer and Water Conservancy Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 P.R.China

Reclamation of salt-affected land plays an important role in mitigating the pressure of agricultural land due to competition with industry and construction in China. drip irrigation was found to be an effective method to reclaim salt-affected land. In order to improve the effect of reclamation and sustainability of salt-affected land production, a field experiment （with reclaimed 1-3 yr fields） was carried out to investigate changes in soil physical, chemical, and biological properties during the process of reclamation with cropping maize and drip irrigation. Results showed that soil bulk density in 0-20 cm soil layer decreased from 1.71 g·cm-3 in unreclaimed land to 1.44 g ·cm^-3 in reclaimed 3 yr fields, and saturated soil water content of 0-10 cm layer increased correspondingly from 20.3 to 30.2%. Both soil salinity and pH value in 0-40 cm soil layer dropped markedly after reclaiming 3 yr. Soil organic matter content reduced, while total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium all tended to increase after cropping and drip irrigation. The quantities of bacteria, actinomycete, and fungi in 0-40 cm soil layer all greatly increased with increase of reclaimed years, and they tended to distribute homogeneously in 0-40 cm soil profile. The urease activity and alkaline phosphatase activity in 0-40 cm soil layers were also enhanced, but the sucrase activity was not greatly changed. These results indicated that after crop cultivation and drip irrigation, soil physical environment and nutrients status were both improved. This was benefit for microorganism＇s activity and plant＇s growth.

关键词： reclamation drip irrigation changes of soil properties salt-affected soil

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Response of yield,quality,water and nitrogen use efficiency of tomato to different levels of water and nitrogen under drip irrigation in Northwestern China

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2017年第5期16卷 1153-1161页

作者： DU Ya-dan CAO Hong-xia LIU Shi-quan GU Xiao-bo CAO Yu-xin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Area Ministry of Education/Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100P.R.China

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of applying different amounts of water and nitrogen on yield, fruit quality, water use efficiency （WUE）, irrigation water use efficiency （IWUE） and nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） of drip-irrigated greenhouse tomatoes in northwestern China. The plants were irrigated every seven days at various proportions of 20-cm pan evaporation （Ep）. The experiment consisted of three irrigation levels （11, 50% Ep; 12, 75% Ep; and 13, 100% Ep） and three N application levels （N1, 150 kg N ha^-1; N2, 250 kg N ha^-1;and N3, 350 kg N ha^-1）. Tomato yield increased with the amount of applied irrigation water in 12 and then decreased in 13. WUE and IWUE were the highest in Ii. WUE was 16.5% lower in 12 than that in I1, but yield was 26.6% higher in 12 than that in I1. Tomato yield, WUE, and IWUE were significantly higher in N2 than that in N1 and N3. NUIE decreased with increasing N levels but NUE increased with increase the amount of water applied. Increasing both water and N levels increased the foliar net photosynthetic rate. I1 and 12 treatments significantly increased the contents of total soluble solids （TSS）, vitamin C （VC）, lycopene, soluble sugars （SS）, and organic acids （OA） and the sugar：acid ratio in the fruit and decreased the nitrate content. TSS, VC, lycopene, and SS contents were the highest in N2. The harvest index （HI） was the highest in 12N2. 12N2 provided the optimal combination of tomato yield, fruit quality, and WUE. The irrigation and fertilisation regime of 75% Ep and 250 kg N ha^-1 was the best strategy of water and N management for the production of drip-irrigated greenhouse tomato.

关键词： tomato drip irrigation yield fruit quality water use efficiency (WUE)

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Tomato Yield and Quality and Emitter Clogging as Affected by Chlorination Schemes of drip irrigation Systems Applying Sewage Effluent

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2012年第10期11卷 1744-1754页

作者： LI Jiu-sheng LI Yan-feng ZHANG Hang State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research

Chlorination has been recognized as an efficient and economically favorable method for treating clogging in drip emitters caused by biological growth during sewage application. Further important criteria for determining an optimal chlorination scheme are the different responses of crops to the chloride added into the soil through chlorination. During two seasons in 2008 and 2009, field experiments were conducted in a solar-heated greenhouse with drip irrigation systems applying secondary sewage effluent to tomato plants to investigate the influences of chlorine injection intervals and levels on plant growth, yield, fruit quality, and emitter clogging. Injection intervals ranging from 2 to 8 wk and injection concentrations ranging 2-50 mg L-1 of free chlorine residual at the end of the laterals were used. For the 2008 experiments, the yield from the treatments of sewage application with chlorination was 7.5% lower than the yield from the treatment of sewage application without chlorination, while the yields for the treatments with and without chlorination were similar for the 2009 experiments. The statistical tests indicated that neither the chlorine injection intervals and concentrations nor the interactions between the two significantly influenced plant height, leaf area, or tomato yield for both years. The qualities of the fruit in response to chlorination were parameter-dependent. Chlorination did not significantly influence the quality of ascorbic acid, soluble sugar, or soluble acids, but the interaction between the chlorine injection interval and the chlorine concentration significantly influenced the levels of soluble solids. It was also confirmed that chlorination was an effective method for reducing biological clogging. These results suggested that chlorination is safe for a crop that has a moderate sensitivity to chlorine, like tomato, and can maintain a high level of performance in drip irrigation systems applying sewage effluent.

关键词： chlorination drip irrigation emitter clogging fruit quality tomato sewage effluent yield

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Effects of combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage on water and salt transport of saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China

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Journal of Arid Land 2018年第6期10卷 932-945页

作者： HENG Tong LIAO Renkuan WANG Zhenhua WU Wenyong LI Wenhao ZHANG Jinzhu College of Water & Architectural Engineering Shihezi UniversityShihezi 832000China Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving irrigation of Xinjiang Production and Construction Group Shihezi University Shihezi 832000China China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research Beijing 100048China

Developing effective irrigation and drainage strategies to improve the quality of saline-alkali soil is vital for enhancing agricultural production and increasing economic returns. In this study, we explored how irrigation and drainage modes (flood irrigation, drip irrigation, and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation) improve the saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China. We aimed to study the transport characteristics of soil water and salt under different irrigation and drainage modes, and analyze the effects of the combination of irrigation and drainage on soil salt leaching, as well as its impacts on the growth of oil sunflower. Our results show that sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation significantly reduced the soil salt content and soil water content at the 0–200 cm soil depth. Under sub-surface pipe drainage combined with drip irrigation, the mean soil salt content was reduced to below 10 g/kg after the second irrigation, and the soil salt content decreased as sub-surface pipe distance decreased. The mean soil salt content of flood irrigation exceeded 25 g/kg, and the mean soil desalination efficiency was 3.28%, which was lower than that of drip irrigation. The mean soil desalination rate under drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation was 19.30% and 58.12%, respectively. After sub-surface drainage regulation under drip irrigation, the germination percentage of oil sunflower seedlings was increased to more than 50%, which further confirmed that combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage is very effective in improving the quality of saline-alkali soil and increasing the productivity of agricultural crops.

关键词： saline-alkali soil drip irrigation flood irrigation sub-surface pipe drainage soil desalination salt leaching arid area

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Closed-loop drip irrigation control using a hybrid wireless sensor and actuator network

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2011年第3期54卷 577-588页

作者： FRANZEN Aaron Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Oklahoma State University

In this research, a closed-loop drip irrigation control hybrid wireless sensor and actuator network (HWSAN) prototype were developed and deployed in a crop field for soil property precise measurement and precision irrigation in accordance with the measured soil property. The HWSAN was composed of a wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN) used for in-field soil property monitoring and irrigation control and a laboratory supervising system. The WSAN included ten sensor nodes, five irrigation control nodes, a central node, a gateway and a cellular modem. The laboratory supervising system was formed by a web-server. The system could automatically sample soil properties including soil moisture, electrical conductivity, and nearsurface temperature at four different depths underground and transmit field data through cellular network to the web-server. Closed-loop control was achieved through the control nodes listening uploading packets from its paired sensor nodes to control drip irrigation. Results from the quality of service (QoS) evaluation included: the data packet transmission rate was 84.76%, data accuracy rate was greater than 97% and no in-field data transmission errors.

关键词： wireless sensor network drip irrigation soil property monitoring precision agriculture

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