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Highly conductive and tough double-network hydrogels for smart electronics

SmartMat 2024年第2期5卷 54-66页

作者： Dong Zhang Yijing Tang Xiong Gong Yung Chang Jie Zheng Department of Chemical Biomolecularand Corrosion EngineeringThe University of AkronAkronOhioUSA School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of AkronAkronOhioUSA R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering Chung Yuan Christian UniversityTaiwanChina

Development and understanding of highly mechanically robust and electronically conducting hydrogels are extremely important for ever-increasing energy-based applications.Conventional mixing/blending of conductive additives with hydrophilic polymer network prevents both high mechanical strength and electronic conductivity to be presented in polymer hydrogels.Here,we proposed a double-network(DN)engineering strategy to fabricate PVA/PPy DN hydrogels,consisting of a conductive PPy-PA network via in-situ ultrafast gelation and a tough PVA network via a subsequent freezing/thawing process.The resultant PVA/PPy hydrogels exhibited superior mechanical and electrochemical properties,including electrical conductivity of~6.8 S/m,mechanical strength of~0.39 MPa,and elastic moduli of~0.1 MPa.Upon further transformation of PVA/PPy hydrogels into supercapacitors,they demonstrated a high capacitance of~280.7 F/g and a cycle life of 2000 galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles with over 94.3%capacity retention at the current density of 2 mA/cm2 and even subzero temperatures of−20℃.Such enhanced mechanical performance and electronic conductivity of hydrogels are mainly stemmed from a synergistic combination of continuous electrically conductive PPy-PA network and the two interpenetrating DN structure.This in-situ gelation strategy is applicable to the integration of ionic-/electrical-conductive materials into DN hydrogels for smart-soft electronics,beyond the most commonly used PEDOT:PSS-based hydrogels.

关键词： conducting polymers double-network hydrogels smart electronics supercapacitors

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An Environment‑Tolerant Ion‑Conducting double‑network Composite Hydrogel for High‑Performance Flexible Electronic Devices

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Nano-Micro Letters 2024年第5期16卷 352-369页

作者： Wenchao Zhao Haifeng Zhou Wenkang Li Manlin Chen Min Zhou Long Zhao State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074People’s Republic of China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074People’s Republic of China

High-performance ion-conducting hydrogels(ICHs)are vital for developing flexible electronic devices.However,the robustness and ion-conducting behavior of ICHs deteriorate at extreme tempera-tures,hampering their use in soft electronics.To resolve these issues,a method involving freeze–thawing and ionizing radiation technology is reported herein for synthesizing a novel double-network(DN)ICH based on a poly(ionic liquid)/MXene/poly(vinyl alcohol)(PMP DN ICH)system.The well-designed ICH exhibits outstanding ionic conductivity(63.89 mS cm^(-1) at 25℃),excellent temperature resistance(-60–80℃),prolonged stability(30 d at ambient temperature),high oxidation resist-ance,remarkable antibacterial activity,decent mechanical performance,and adhesion.Additionally,the ICH performs effectively in a flexible wireless strain sensor,thermal sensor,all-solid-state supercapacitor,and single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator,thereby highlighting its viability in constructing soft electronic devices.The highly integrated gel structure endows these flexible electronic devices with stable,reliable signal output performance.In particular,the all-solid-state supercapacitor containing the PMP DN ICH electrolyte exhibits a high areal specific capacitance of 253.38 mF cm^(-2)(current density,1 mA cm^(-2))and excellent environmental adaptability.This study paves the way for the design and fabrication of high-performance mul-tifunctional/flexible ICHs for wearable sensing,energy-storage,and energy-harvesting applications.

关键词： Ionic liquids double-network hydrogels Temperature tolerance Multifunctionality Flexible electronic devices

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A Review on the Mullins Effect in Tough Elastomers and Gels

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Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica 2024年第2期37卷 181-214页

作者： Lin Zhan Shaoxing Qu Rui Xiao MOE Key Lab of Disaster Forecast and Control in Engineering College of Mechanics and Construction EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic System Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang ProvinceDepartment of Engineering MechanicsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China

Tough elastomers and gels have garnered broad research interest due to their wide-ranging potential applications.However,during the loading and unloading cycles,a clear stress softening behavior can be observed in many material systems,which is also named as the Mullins effect.In this work,we aim to provide a complete review of the Mullins effect in soft yet tough materials,specifically focusing on nanocomposite gels,double-network hydrogels,and multi-network elastomers.We first revisit the experimental observations for these soft materials.We then discuss the recent developments of constitutive models,emphasizing novel developments in the damage mechanisms or network representations.Some phenomenological models will also be briefly introduced.Particular attention is then placed on the anisotropic and multiaxial modeling aspects.It is demonstrated that most of the existing models fail to accurately predict the multiaxial data,posing a significant challenge for developing future anisotropic models tailored for tough gels and elastomers.

关键词： Mullins effect double-network hydrogels Nanocomposite gels Multi-network elastomers Anisotropic damage model Multiaxial model

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