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The egg cell is preferentially fertilized in Arabidopsis double fertilization

Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2022年第11期64卷 2039-2046页

作者： Ling Li Saiying Hou Wei Xiang Zihan Song Yuan Wang Li Zhang Jing Li Hongya Gu Juan Dong Thomas Dresselhaus Sheng Zhong Li-Jia Qu State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design College of Bioscience and Resources EnvironmentBeijing University of AgricultureBeijing 102206China The National Plant Gene Research Center Beijing 100101China The Waksman Institute of Microbiology Rutgers the State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJ"2"08854USA Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry University of RegensburgRegensburg 93053Germany

In flowering plants(angiosperms),fertilization of the egg cell by one sperm cell produces an embryo,whereas fusion of a second sperm cell with the central cell generates the *** most angiosperms like Arabidopsis,a pollen grain contains two isomorphic sperm cells required for this double fertilization process.A long-standing unsolved question is whether the two fertilization events have any preference.A tool to address this question is the usage of the cyclin-dependent kinase a1(cdka;1)mutant pollen,which produces a single sperm-like cell(SLC).Here,we first adopt a complementation-based fluorescence-labeling method to successfully separate and collect cdka;1 mutant pollen containing a single ***-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that cdka;1 SLCs show a gene expression profile highly similar to that of sperm cells and not to the generative cell,precursor of the two sperm *** assays using a limited number of cdka;1 mutant pollen revealed that in 98.2%of the ovules,single fertilization of the egg cell *** of pistils with excessive cdka;1 mutant pollen allowed the delivery of a second SLC via fertilization recovery,which fertilized the central cell,resulting in 20.7%double-fertilized *** indicates that cdka;1 SLCs are able to fertilize both the egg and the central *** together,our findings have answered a long-standing question and support that preferential fertilization of the egg cell is evident in Arabidopsis.

关键词： Arabidopsis double fertilization egg cell preferential fertilization

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double fertilization in Arabidopsis thaliana Involves a Polyspermy Block on the Egg but Not the Central Cell

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Molecular Plant 2008年第4期1卷 611-619页

作者： Rod J. Scott Susan J. Armstrong James Doughty Melissa Spielman Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY United Kingdom School of Biosciences The University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom

In animal reproduction, thousands of sperm may compete to fertilize a single egg, but polyspermy blocks prevent multiple fertilization that would otherwise lead to death of the embryo. In flowering plants, successful seed development requires that only two sperm are delivered to the embryo sac, where each must fertilize a female gamete （egg or central cell） to produce the embryo and endosperm. Therefore, polyspermy must be avoided, not only to prevent abnormalities in offspring, but to ensure double fertilization. It is not understood how each sperm fertilizes only one female gamete, nor has the existence of polyspermy barriers been directly tested in vivo. Here, we sought evidence for poly- spermy blocks in angiosperms using the polyspermic tetraspore （tes） mutant of Arabidopsis, which allows in-vivo challenge of egg and central cell with multiple male gametes. We show that tes mutant pollen tubes can transmit more than one sperm pair to an embryo sac, and that sperm from more than one pair can participate in fertilization. We detected endosperms but not embryos with ploidies that could only result from multiple fertilization. Our results therefore demonstrate an in-vivo polyspermy block on the egg, but not the central cell of a flowering plant.

关键词： double fertilization Arabidopsis thaliana Involves Polyspermy Block Central Cell

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A one-step rectification of sperm cell targeting ensures the success of double fertilization

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2015年第5期57卷 496-503页

作者： Jilei Huang Yan Ju Xiangfeng Wang Quan Zhang Sodmergen Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation (Ministry of Education) College of Life SciencesPeking University Instrumental Analysis and Research Center South China Agricultural University

Successful fertilization in animals depends on competition among millions of sperm cells, whereas double fertilization in flowering plants usually involves just one pollen tube releasing two immobile sperm cells. It is largely a mystery how the plant sperm cells fuse efficiently with their female targets within an embryo sac. We show that the initial positioning of sperm cells upon discharge from the pollen tube is usually inopportune for gamete fusions and that adjustment of sperm cell targeting occurs through release and re-adhesion of one sperm cell, while the other connected sperm cell remains in stagnation. This enables proper adhesion of each sperm cell to a female gamete and coordinates the gamete fusions. Our 〈br〉 findings reveal inner embryo sac dynamics that ensure the reproductive success of flowering plants and suggest a requirement for sperm cell differentiation as the basis of double fertilization.

关键词： Arabidopsis double fertilization live image sperm celltargeting

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Egg cell-secreted aspartic proteases ECS1/2 promote gamete attachment to prioritize the fertilization of egg cells over central cells in Arabidopsis

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2022年第11期64卷 2047-2059页

作者： Jiahao Jiang Nils Stührwohldt Tianxu Liu Qingpei Huang Ling Li Li Zhang Hongya Gu Liumin Fan Sheng Zhong Andreas Schaller Li-Jia Qu State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgart 70593Germany

double fertilization is an innovative phenomenon in angiosperms,in which one sperm cell first fuses with the egg cell to produce the embryo,and then the other sperm fuses with the central cell to produce the ***,the molecular mechanism of the preferential fertilization of egg cells is poorly *** this study,we report that two egg cell-secreted aspartic proteases,ECS1 and ECS2,play an important role in promoting preferential fertilization of egg cells in *** show that simultaneous loss of ECS1 and ECS2 function resulted in an approximately 20%reduction in fertility,which can be complemented by the full-length ECS1/2 but not by corresponding active site mutants or by secretion-defective versions of ECS1/*** phenotypic analysis revealed that the egg cellsperm cell attachment was compromised in ecs1 ecs2 *** pollination assays with cyclin-dependent kinase a1(cdka;1)pollen showed that preferential egg cell fertilization was impaired in the ecs1 ecs2 *** together,these results demonstrate that egg cells secret two aspartic proteases,ECS1 and ECS2,to facilitate the attachment of sperm cells to egg cells so that preferential fertilization of egg cells is *** study reveals the molecular mechanism of preferential fertilization in Arabidopsis thaliana.

关键词： Arabidopsis thaliana double fertilization ECS1/2 gamete interaction preferential fertilization

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GEX3, Expressed in the Male Gametophyte and in the Egg Cell of Arabidopsisthaliana, Is Essential for Micropylar Pollen Tube Guidance and Plays a Role during Early Embryogenesis

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Molecular Plant 2008年第4期1卷 586-598页

作者： Monica Alandete-Saez Mily Ron Sheila McCormick Plant Gene Expression Center and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology USDA/ARS-UC-Berkeley 800 Buchanan St Albany CA 94710 USA

double fertilization in flowering plants occurs when the two sperm cells, carried by the pollen tube, are released in a synergid cell of the embryo sac and then fertilize the egg and the central cell. Proteins on the surfaces of the sperm, egg, central, and synergid cells might be important for guidance and recognition/fusion of the gametes. Here, we present functional analyses ofArabidopsis GEX3, which encodes a plasma membrane-localized protein that has homologs in other plants. GEX3 is expressed in both the vegetative and sperm cells of the male gametophyte and in the egg cell of the female gametophyte. Transgenic lines in which GEX3 was down-regulated or overexpressed, using the Arabidopsis GEX2 promoter, had reduced seed set. Reciprocal crosses and imaging after pollination with a reporter line showed that, in both cases, the defect causing reduced seed set occurred in the female. In the antisense lines, micropylar pollen tube guidance failed, In the overexpression lines, fertilization of mutant ovules was mostly blocked because pollen tube guidance failed, although, occasionally, non-viable embryos were formed. We conclude that properly regulated expression of GEX3 in the egg cell of Arabidopsis is essential for pollen tube guidance.

关键词： antisense double fertilization female gametophyte real-time PCR plasma membrane protein PQQ domain

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The language of GABA in pollen tube growth and guidance

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Frontiers in Biology 2008年第4期3卷 439-442页

作者： Guanghui YU Yan CHEN Key Laboratory for Biotechnology of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission College of Life SciencesSouth-Central University for NationalitiesWuhan 430074China

The achievement of double fertilization in higher plants requires the successful transport of sperm cells to the female gametes,the *** tubes,the tubular structure protruding from pollens,carrying the sperms play an important role in this *** a pollen tube precisely guides its direction to gain its goal is of *** investigation indicated that multiple signal clues from the pistils function as the route signs to regulate the pathway of pollen tube *** the signal clues,c-aminobutyric acid(GABA)seems to be *** gradient concentration has been found both in tobacco and Arabidopsis pollen tube *** the communication of pollens and pistils,what on earth GABA tells pollen tubes is of great *** GABA receptors on the pollen membrane are thought to be the hinge in the language *** this review,the mechanism of GABA gradient formation is *** possible GABA receptor on the pollen membrane is examined and its function is *** decipher the possible language of GABA in pollen tube growth and guidance,multiple methods are *** combination of transcriptome and proteomics assay is expected to unveil the secret.

关键词： double fertilization c-aminobutyric acid(GABA)receptor pollen tube guidance signal transduction

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