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Bachelor groups in primate multilevel society facilitate gene flow across fragmented habitats

Current Zoology 2020年第2期66卷 113-122页

作者： Yu-Li Li Lu Wang Jin-Wei Wu Xin-Ping YE Paul AG arber Ying Yan Jia-Hui Liu Bao-Guo Li Xiao-Guang Qi Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation College of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi'an710069China College of Life Science Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710119China Anthropology Department University of IllinoisUrbanaIL61801USA Centerfor Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics Chinese Academy of ScienceKumming650223China

In the face of ongoing habitat fragmentation,many primate species have experienced reduced gene flow resulting in a reduction of genetic diversity,population bottlenecks,and inbreeding depression,including golden snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana.Golden snub-nosed monkeys live in a multilevel society composed of several 1 male harem units that aggregate to form a cohesive breeding band,which is followed by one or more bachelor groups composed of juvenile,subadult,and adult male members.In this research,we examine the continuous landscape resistance surface,the genetic diversity and patterns of gene flow among 4 isolated breeding bands and 1 all-male band in the Qinling Mountains,China.Landscape surface modeling suggested that human activities and ecological factors severely limit the movement of individuals among breeding bands.Although these conditions are expected to result in reduced gene flow,reduced genetic diversity,and an increased opportunity for a genetic bottleneck,based on population genetic analyses of 13 microsatellite loci from 188 individuals inhabiting 4 isolated breeding bands and 1 all-male band,we found high levels of genetic diversity but low levels of genetic divergence,as well as high rates of gene flow between males residing in the all-male band and each of the 4 breeding bands.Our results indicate that the movement of bachelor males across the landscape,along with their association with several different breeding bands,appears to provide a mechanism for promoting gene flows and maintaining genetic diversity that may counteract the otherwise isolating effects of habitat fragmentation.

关键词： gene flow male dispersal multilevel society Rhinopithecus roxellana social organization

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Push and pull factors driving movement in a social mammal: context dependent behavioral plasticity at the landscape scale

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Current Zoology 2019年第5期65卷 517-525页

作者： Andrew W.BYRNE James O'KEEFFE Christina D.BUESCHING Chris NEWMAN Agri-food and Biosciences Institute Veterinary Science DivisionStormontBelfastUK School of Biological Sciences Queen's University BelfastBelfastUK Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis(CVERA) School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity College DublinBelfieldDublinIreland Department of Agriculture Food and the MarineAgriculture HouseDublinIreland Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordThe Recanati-Kaplan CentreTubney HouseAbingdon RoadTubneyAbingdonOxfordshireUK

Understanding how key parameters(e.g.,density,range-size,and configuration)can affect animal movement remains a major goal of population ecology.This is particularly important for wildlife disease hosts,such as the European badger Meles meles,a reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis.Here we show how movements of 463 individuals among 223 inferred group territories across 755 km2 in Ireland were affected by sex,age,past-movement history,group composition,and group size index from 2009 to 2012.Females exhibited a greater probability of moving into groups with a male-biased composition,but male movements into groups were not associated with group composition.Male badgers were,however,more likely to make visits into territories than females.Animals that had immigrated into a territory previously were more likely to emigrate in the future.Animals exhibiting such"itinerant"movement patterns were more likely to belong to younger age classes.Inter-territorial movement propensity was negatively associated with group size,indicating that larger groups were more stable and less attractive(or permeable)to immigrants.Across the landscape,there was substantial variation in inferred territory-size and movement dynamics,which was related to group size.This represents behavioral plasticity previously only reported at the scale of the species’biogeographical range.Our results highlight how a"one-size-fits-all"explanation of badger movement is likely to fail under varying ecological contexts and scales,with implications for bovine tuberculosis management.

关键词： dispersal socio-biology wildlife biology wildlife disease Meles meles social groups territoriality perturbation bTB

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The diurnal activity, movement and trypanosome infection rates of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes （Diptera： Glossinidae） in Buvuma Island, Lake Victoria, Uganda

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Insect Science 2007年第6期14卷 477-484页

作者： LONJINO M. OGWAL ANDREW KALYEBI JOHN B. KADDU Coordinating Office for Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda Makerere University Department of Zoology KampalaUganda

The diurnal activity patterns, trypanosome infection rates and movement of Glossinafuscipesfuscipes （Diptera： Glossinidae） were investigated in Buvuma Island, Lake Victoria, Uganda. Hourly trapping of tsetse flies was undertaken to determine their activity rhythm while a capture-mark-release-recapture method was conducted to assess the movement and dispersal of tsetse flies between lakeshore, hinterland and further inland sites along a transected area. Dissection of tsetse flies was also undertaken to determine the trypanosome infection rates in salivary glands, proboscis and mid-gut. Results indicated a bimodal diurnal activity profile for G. f fuscipes on the Island, both on the lakeshore and in the hinterland. Movement and dispersal of G. f fuscipes tsetse flies occurred between lakeshore, hinterland and further inland sites with a greater tendency of flies to move to the lakeshore. Trypanosome infection rates of 4.32% for Trypasoma vivax and 1.15% for 7. congolense were found in G. f. fuscipes.

关键词： Glossina movement dispersal trypanosomes Buvuma

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Migratory flight of insect pests within a year-round distribution: European corn borer as a case study

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2018年第7期17卷 1485-1505页

作者： Thomas W.Sappington Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit Agricultural Research ServiceUSDA

Insect migratory flight differs fundamentally from most other kinds of flight behavior, in that it is non-appetitive. The adult is not searching for anything, and migratory flight is not terminated by encounters with potential resources. Many insect pests of agricultural crops are long-distance migrants, moving from lower latitudes where they overwinter to higher latitudes in the spring to exploit superabundant, but seasonally ephemeral, host crops. The migratory nature of these pests is somewhat easy to recognize because of their sudden appearance in areas where they had been absent only a day or two earlier. Many other serious pests survive hostile winter conditions by diapausing, and therefore do not require migration to move between overwintering and breeding ranges. Yet there is evidence of migratory behavior engaged in by several pest species that inhabit high latitudes year-round. In these cases, the consequences of migratory flight are not immediately noticeable at the population level, because migration takes place for the most part within their larger year-round distribution. Nevertheless, the potential population-level consequences can be quite important in the contexts of pest management and insect resistance management. As a case study, I review the evidence for migratory flight behavior by individual European corn borer adults, and discuss the importance of understanding it. The kind of migratory behavior posited for pest species inhabiting a permanent distribution may be more common than we realize.

关键词： migration dispersal flight movement ecology European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis

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Species richness and biodiversity significance of alpine micro-waterbody systems in Gaoligong Mountain, Northwest Yunnan, China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2020年第4期17卷 907-918页

作者： LIU Shuo-Ran Davide FORNACCA YANG Dao-De TAN Lu LI Xian-Fu REN Guo-Peng SUN Jun HE Xiao-Yang YANG Wen-Shu CAI Qing-Hua XIAO Wen Institute of Wildlife Conservation Central South University of Forestry and TechnologyChangsha 410004China Institute of Materia Medica Dali UniversityDali 671003China Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China Dali 671003China Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research Dali UniversityDali 671003China State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology Institute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430072China Gong-shan Administration Bureau Gao-li-gong Mountain National Nature ReserveNujiang 67350China

Water quality, size, connectivity and other physical properties of hydrological systems might have different functions in the formation and maintenance of biodiversity, but this remains mostly unclear due to the lack of undisturbed sites for experimental modelling. Alpine freshwater habitats such as micro-waterbodies(MWB) represent a kind of natural system suitable for biodiversity research. In order to assess potential linkages between environmental factors, connectivity of MWBs and aquatic species richness, we conducted a pilot study in two separated MWB systems located in Gaoligong Mountain, northwest Yunnan province, China. A total of 27 MWBs have been analyzed, including 22 connected and 5 isolated bodies. 13 conventional environmental factors were tested while all kinds of aquatic macro-organisms were collected and classified. Results showed a high environmental heterogeneity among MWBs and significant differences between the two systems but only a few environmental variables such as the depth of soil bottom, total Nitrogen and altitude were related to species richness and the formation of the community structure. As a benefit from the high environmental heterogeneity, the cascaded MWB systems provided divergent habitats able to support species richness at a higher level than the same number of randomly selected MWBs. This finding supports the idea that habitat connectivity matters also in extremely small aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, although still a preliminary result, a polarization effect within connected chains where edge MWBs host higher taxa and endemic taxa richness as well as larger populations, was detectable. This study gives interesting insights on the spatial processes driving community structure and a new prospective for biodiversity conservation. Since alpine MWBs have significant effects on the maintenance of watershed biodiversity, further research on such small and crucial ecosystems is encouraged.

关键词： Habitat connectivity High mountain Extreme fine scale Cascaded water system Richness maintenance Polarized dispersal

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Reconstructing ancestral ranges in historical biogeography:properties and prospects

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Journal of Systematics and Evolution 2009年第5期47卷 369-382页

作者： Kristin S.LAMM Benjamin D.REDELINGS Bioinformatics Research Center North Carolina State University

Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of quantitative methods for biogeographic inference.In particular,novel parametric approaches represent exciting new opportunities for the study of range evolution.Here,we review a selection of current methods for biogeographic analysis and discuss their respective properties.These methods include generalized parsimony approaches,weighted ancestral area analysis,dispersal-vicariance analysis,the dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model and other maximum likelihood approaches,and Bayesian stochastic mapping of ancestral ranges,including a novel approach to inferring range evolution in the context of island biogeography.Some of these methods were developed specifically for problems of ancestral range reconstruction,whereas others were designed for more general problems of character state reconstruction and subsequently applied to the study of ancestral ranges.Methods for reconstructing ancestral history on a phylogenetic tree differ not only in the types of ancestral range states that are allowed,but also in the various historical events that may change the ancestral ranges.We explore how the form of allowed ancestral ranges and allowed transitions can both affect the outcome of ancestral range estimation.Finally,we mention some promising avenues for future work in the development of model-based approaches to biogeographic analysis.

关键词： allopatry ancestral range ancestral state reconstruction biogeography dispersal historical biogeogra-phy review speciation statistics vicariance.

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Geographic expansion of the cabbage butterfly （Pieris rapae） and the evolution of highly UV-reflecting females

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Insect Science 2012年第2期19卷 239-246页

作者： Yuya Fukano Toshiyuki Satoh Tadao Hirota Yudai Nishide Yoshiaki Obara Behavioural Biology Department of Animal Life Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Fuchu Tokyo Department of Biology Faculty of Science Yamagata University Kojirakawa-machi 1-4-2 Yamagata Japan

Reflection of ultraviolet （UV） light by the wings of the female Eurasian cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, shows a large geographic variation. The wings of the female of the European subspecies, P. rapae rapae, reflect little UV light, while butterflies of the Asian subspecies, P. rapae crucivora, may reflect it strongly or at only intermediate levels. The geographic region where P. rapae originated remains to be determined, Moreover, it is not clear if females with wings that reflect little UV light are ancestral to females with wings that reflect UV strongly or vice versa. In the present study, we aimed to determine the geographic origin and ancestral UV pattern of cabbage butterflies through mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） sequence analysis and amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） analysis. The results of these investigations suggest that P. rapae is of European origin and that it has expanded its distribution eastward to Asia. It follows that the ancestral subspecies is the type with UV-absorbing wings. Lower nucleotide diversities and haplotype network patterns ofmtDNA derived from East Asian populations suggest that population expansion from Europe to East Asia probably occurred fairly recently and at a rapid rate.

关键词： dispersal geographical origin geographical variation UV reflection

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Field observations of Ostrinia nubilalis eclosion and post-eclosion activity of females around their natal plants

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Insect Science 2011年第6期18卷 712-718页

作者： Yang Hu David A. Andow Department of Entomology University of Minnesota St Paul Minnesota USA China National Rice Research Institute Hangzheu China

The early part of the post-eclosion, pre-mating period were examined under field conditions for Ostrinia nubilalis. Post-eclosion behavior of 25 and 21 females during the first and second flight periods were observed until they left their natal site. Summer generation larvae were reared under field conditions and the timing of adult eclosion was observed. Eclosion occurred at two times during the day, peaking before dawn and before dusk; 46% of females and 56% of males eclosed during the morning period and the rest eclosed during the evening period. After eclosion, females spent 30-60 min expanding their wings. Their typical behavior was to remain calmly on their natal site. None of the females exhibited calling behavior before leaving. All females left their natal sites sometime before dawn. The probability of leaving increased with time. Leaving rates were not significantly different between females of the first and second flight. These field observations indicate that females have several possibilities for pre-mating movement, which might allow females to move out from their natal field before mating. In addition, we also discuss the influence of pre-mating movements in relation to the rate of Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） resistance evolution.

关键词： behavior dispersal Ostrinia nubilalis pre-calling period protandry transgenic maize

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Relative importance of spatial processes and environmental factors in shaping alpine meadow communities

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2011年第4期4卷 249-258页

作者： Qi Li Xue Yang Janne Soininen Cheng-Jin Chu Jie-Qi Zhang Kai-Liang Yu Gang Wang MOE Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Department of Environmental Sciences University of HelsinkiHelsinkiPO Box 65FI 00014Finland

Spatial processes and environmental control are the two distinct,yet not mutually exclusive forces of community structuring,but the relative importance of these factors is controversial due to the speciesspecific dispersal ability,sensitivity towards environmental variables,organism’s abundance and the effect of spatial scale.In the present paper,we explored spatial versus environmental control in shaping community composition(i.e.b-diversity)and species turnover(i.***.change of b-diversity)at an alpine meadow along a slope aspect gradient on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau at different spatial scales of sampling(quadrats and plots),by taking account of seed dispersal mode and abundance.Methods We examined the relative importance of spatial processes and environmental factors using all species and four additional subsets of selected species.Moreover,we attempted to explore the effect of scale(quadrat refers to scale of;0.3 m and plot of;8 m)on their counter balance.The data were analyzed both by variation partitioning and multiple regressions on distance matrices.The spatial structure was modelled using Moran’s eigenvector maps(MEM).Important Findings Both spatial processes and environmental factors were important determinants of the community composition and species turnover.The community composition in the alpine meadow was controlled by spatially structured environment(17.6%),space independent of environment(18.0%)and a negligible effect of environment independent of space(4.4%)at the scale of quadrats.These three components contributed 21.8,9.9 and 13.9%,respectively,at the scale of plots.The balance between the forces at different spatial scales drove community structures along the slope aspect gradient.The importance of environmental factors on b-diversity at alpine meadow increased with scale while that of spatial processes decreased or kept steady,depending on dispersal mode and abundance of species comprising the subset.But the‘pure’effect of spatial processes on species turnover increased with scale while tha

关键词： alpine meadow dispersal environmental factor slope aspect spatial process spatial scale

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Spatial patterns and determinants of common root-associated fungi in a subtropical forest of China

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2019年第2期12卷 255-263页

作者： Abdul Shakoor Shan Li Fang Wang Tian Tian Yu Liang Keping Ma State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of Sciences20 NanxincunXiangshanBeijing 100093China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of ZurichCH-8057 ZurichSwitzerland

Aims Spatial patterns of fungal populations are affected by plant distribu-tion,abiotic factors,fungal dispersal ability and inter-species interac-tions.While several studies have addressed spatial patterns of some mycorrhizal,saprotrophic and pathogenic fungi,the method based on fruit-body surveys is not efficient and unreliable to study the spa-tial pattern of root-associated fungal species because most fungi in plant roots do not have sporocarps and cannot be identified based only on morphological traits.Our aims are(i)to determine the spa-tial pattern of common root-associated fungi;(ii)to evaluate whether the abundance and spatial pattern of root-associated fungi and cat-egories of fungi,reflect their biotic and abiotic niche constraints.Methods About 828 soil cores were collected from a 24-ha plot in a sub-tropical forest and Illumina Miseq was carried out to determine fungal composition in root samples and spatial patterns of 1009 common fungal Operational Taxonomic Units(OTUs)were studied using point pattern analyses.Biotic(plant community composition)and abiotic niche constraints on the presence/abundance of a fun-gal OTU was assessed as the n-dimensional niche hypervolumes of biotic and abiotic characteristics.Important Findings Our results showed that(i)most fungal OTUs were highly spa-tially aggregated at small scales(less than 30 m),but that the aggregated pattern decreased,while regular and random patterns increased,with the increasing distance;(ii)A significant positive correlation was found between fungal abundance and aggrega-tion intensity of fungal OTUs,indicating that the dominant fungi tended to be more aggregated in natural forests;(iii)Mean abun-dance and spatial aggregation intensity of ectomycorrhizal and pathogenic fungi were relatively higher than those of saprotrophic fungi,indicating that host plants may play an important role in determining spatial pattern of root-associated fungi;(iv)Spatial patterns of root-associated fungi depended on fungal abundance,fungal functional group,funga

关键词： spatial pattern fungal population subtropical forests high-throughput sequencing dispersal niche hypervolume

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