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Impact of Training of dispensers on Case Management of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections at Community Pharmacies in Pakistan

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2012年第4期3卷 485-491页

作者： Azhar Hussain Mohamed Izham Mohamed Ibrahim Madeeha Malik Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hamdard University F-8 Markaz Johar Road Islamabad Pakistan School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University Sains Malaysia 11800 Penang Malaysia

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of training of dispensers on the process of case management of ARI at community pharmacies in context to history taking and provision of advice working at community pharmacies in Islamabad, Pakistan. Method: A randomized, controlled, blinded intervention study was designed and implemented. Before the implementation of intervention, a baseline study was performed to assess the process of case management for ARI at community pharmacies. The study population included all community pharmacy outlets in Islamabad. After data collection, data was analyzed. The result of the study revealed that the overall process of disease management of ARI at community pharmacies in Pakistan is not satisfactory. Pharmacies of Islamabad which were visited in pre intervention phase (118) were divided into two geographical regions A (intervention) and B (control). From which thirty pharmacies were selected randomly from each region. The targeted group of the interventions was drug sellers. Keeping in view the results of the base line study an educational intervention was designed to improve the case management of ARI at community pharmacies in Pakistan. Results: No significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was seen in the process of history taking and advice provision in case of ARI management at community pharmacies between pre and post control groups. On the other hand significant difference in the process of history taking and provision of advice for ARI was observed in the intervention group before and after training. Conclusion: The study has highlighted that improvements in the current dispensing practices at community pharmacies are possible through appropriate educational interventions. The dispensers have the potential to provide fast and low cost healthcare to the masses in the country where the presence of doctors and qualified pharmacist is low;to date they are an untapped and underutilized source in the country.

关键词： Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI) Community Pharmacies dispensers Pakistan Training

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A Literature Review: Pharmaceutical Care an Evolving Role at Community Pharmacies in Pakistan

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2013年第5期4卷 425-430页

作者： Azhar Hussain Madeeha Malik Hale Zerrin Toklu Department of Pharmacology Marmara University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Istanbul Turkey. Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hamdard University Islamabad Pakistan Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hamdard University Islamabad Pakistan

The aim of this paper is to highlight the role of pharmaceutical care at community pharmacies in Pakistan. The paper draws on the literature related to current dispensing practices at community pharmacies in developing countries as well as in Pakistan. There are approximately 63,000 community pharmacies in Pakistan, and according to an estimate, 80% of the medicines are being distributed through this channel to majority of the population. They often lack adequate facilities, staffing and equipments. Absence of pharmacists and their roles being performed by the non-qualified personnel working at community pharmacies are a common practice. There are 8102 pharmacists who are categorized as a category, 31,000 pharmacy technicians categorized in B & C category in the country. There is a shortage of pharmacists who could be engaged for ensuring good pharmacy practices. There are only ten percent of the total pharmacists who work at community pharmacies in the country according to the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan. All kind of medicines are freely available irrespective of their status as prescription or over the counter drugs. The paper highlights that the professional role of pharmacist in hospitals and community pharmacies is switching from dispensing and sale of drugs, to patient counselling. But, the concept of pharmaceutical care at community pharmacies has not been acknowledged yet in Pakistan. The process of prescription handling is poor and patients are often treated without a proper prescription. Prescription validation, drug labeling and patient counseling are the missing components in effective patient management at the community pharmacies. The paper concludes that although laws exist, but due to lack of accountability and weak regulatory framework their proper implementation is not witnessed. Moreover, due to lack of research and evidence related to problems in dispensing practices in healthcare system of Pakistan, the counteractive actions for resolving these

关键词： Community Pharmacies Dispensing Practices dispensers Pharmaceutical Care Pakistan

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