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Less pressure contributes to gravity-driven membrane ultrafiltration with greater performance:Enhanced driving efficiency and reduced disinfection by-products formation potential

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第3期137卷 407-419页

作者： Xiaoting Wu Yufei Li Zhaoyang Su Long Tian Muhammad Saboor Siddique Wenzheng Yu Colleges of Forestry Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China

Gravity-driven membrane(GDM)systems have been well developed previously;however,impacts of driving(i.e.,transmembrane)pressure on their performance received little attention,which may infuence GDM performance.In this study,we evaluated 4 GDM systems via altering the transmembrane pressure from 50 mbar to 150 mbar with 2 groups,treating surface water in Beijing,China.Results showed that less driving pressure was more favorable.Specifically,compared to groups(150 mbar),groups under a pressure of 50 mbar were found to have greater normalized permeability and lower total resistance.During the whole operation period,the quality of effuents was gradually improved.For example,the removal efficiency of UV254was significantly improved;particularly,under low driving pressure,the removal efficiency of UV254in PES GDM system increased by 11.91%,as compared to the corresponding system under high driving pressure.This observation was consistent with the reduction on disinfection by-products(DBPs)formation potential;groups under 50 mbar achieved better DBPs potential control,indicating the advantages of lower driving pressure.Biofilms were analyzed and responsible for these differences,and distinct distributions of bacteria communities of two GDM systems under 50 and 150 mbar may be responsible for various humic-like substances removal efficiency.Overall,GDM systems under less pressure should be considered and expected to provide suggestions on the design of GDM systems in real applications.

关键词： Ultrafiltration Gravity driven operation Membrane fouling Biofilms disinfection by-products

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Evaluation of N-acetylcysteine and glutathione as quenching agents for the analysis of halogenated disinfection by-products

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2022年第7期34卷 71-79页

作者： Shunke Ding Menglin Wu Rong Xiao Chao Fang Qi Wang Bin Xu Wenhai Chu State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse College of Environmental Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment Ministry of EducationTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China School of Life and Environmental Science Wenzhou UniversityZhejiang 325035China

disinfection by-products(DBPs), formed from the reactions of disinfectants with natural organic matter and halides in drinking water, were considered to be cytotoxic and genotoxic, and might trigger various cancers. The relatively low concentration of DBPs in finished water(low μg/L or even ng/L levels) and the interference from water matrix inhibited in situ determination of DBPs. Moreover, the further formation and degradation of DBPs by disinfectants during the holding time(several hours to several days) from sample collection to analysis could adversely affect the determination of DBPs. To obtain accurate, precise and reliable data of DBP occurrence and formation, robust and reliable sample preservation is indispensable. However, the commonly used quenching agents(e.g., sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, and ascorbic acid) for sample preservation can decompose reactive DBPs by reductive dehalogenation. This study evaluated the performance of N-acetylcysteine(NAC) and glutathione(GSH) as quenching agents for the analysis of halogenated DBPs by investigating the stoichiometry of the disinfectant-quenching agent reaction, the formation of DBPs during chlor(am)ination of NAC or GSH, and the effects of NAC or GSH on the stability of 18 individual DBPs and total organic halogen(TOX). Based on the results of this study, NAC and GSH were considered to be ideal quenching agents for the analysis of most DBPs and TOX, except halonitromethanes.

关键词： disinfection by-products Total organic halogen Quenching agents N-acetylcysteine Glutathione

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Identification of key precursors contributing to the formation of CX_(3)R-type disinfection by-products along the typical full-scale drinking water treatment processes

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第6期128卷 81-92页

作者： Xu Yang Shunke Ding Rong Xiao PinWang Zhenqi Du Ruihua Zhang Wenhai Chu State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse College of Environmental Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China

Identification and characterization of disinfection by-product(DBP)precursors could help optimize drinkingwater treatment processes and improve the quality of finishedwater.This study comprehensively investigated the characteristics of dissolved organic matter(DOM),the hydrophilicity and molecule weight(MW)of DBP precursor and DBP-associated toxicity along the typical full-scale treatment processes.The results showed that dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen content,the fluorescence intensity and the SUVA254 value in raw water significantly decreased after the whole treatment processes.Conventional treatment processes were in favor of the removal of high-MW and hydrophobic DOM,which are important precursors of trihalomethane and haloacetic acid.Compared with conventional treatment processes,Ozone integrated with biological activated carbon(O3-BAC)processes enhanced the removal efficiencies of DOM with different MW and hydrophobic fractions,leading to a further decrease in almost all DBP formation potential and DBP-associated toxicity.However,almost 50%of the detected DBP precursors in raw water has not been removed after the coagulation-sedimentation-filtration integrated with O3-BAC advanced treatment processes.These remaining precursors were found to be mainly hydrophilic and low-MW(<1.0 kDa)organics.Moreover,they would largely contribute to the formation of haloacetaldehydes and haloacetonitriles,which dominated the calculated cytotoxicity.Since current drinking water treatment process could not effectively control the highly toxic DBPs,the removal of hydrophilic and low-MW organics in drinking water treatment plants should be focused on in the future.

关键词： disinfection by-products Drinking water Characterization Key precursor Hydrophilicity MW distribution

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Bacteria inactivation by sulfate radical:progress and non-negligible disinfection by-products

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2023年第3期17卷 23-36页

作者： Xin Zhou Xiaoya Ren Yu Chen Haopeng Feng Jiangfang Yu Kang Peng Yuying Zhang Wenhao Chen Jing Tang Jiajia Wang Lin Tang College of Environmental Science and Engineering Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082China Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control(Hunan University) Ministry of EducationChangsha 410082China

Sulfate radicals have been increasingly used for the pathogen inactivation due to their strong redox ability and high selectivity for electron-rich species in the last decade.The application of sulfate radicals in water disinfection has become a very promising technology.However,there is currently a lack of reviews of sulfate radicals inactivated pathogenic microorganisms.At the same time,less attention has been paid to disinfection by-products produced by the use of sulfate radicals to inactivate microorganisms.This paper begins with a brief overview of sulfate radicals’properties.Then,the progress in water disinfection by sulfate radicals is summarized.The mechanism and inactivation kinetics of inactivating microorganisms are briefly described.After that,the disinfection by-products produced by reactions of sulfate radicals with chlorine,bromine,iodide ions and organic halogens in water are also discussed.In response to these possible challenges,this article concludes with some specific solutions and future research directions.

关键词： Sulfate radicals disinfection by-products Inactivation mechanisms Bacterial inactivation Water disinfection

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Experimental and theoretical insight into carbamazepine degradation by chlorine-based advanced oxidation processes:Efficiency,energy consumption,mechanism and DBPs formation

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第5期139卷 72-83页

作者： Chunwei Liu Zuo Tong How Yue Ju Li Feng Xuefeng Ren Mohamed Gamal El-Din Key Laboratory ofCoal Processing and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyChina University of Mining and TechnologyJiangsu 221116China Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of AlbertaEdmonton T6G 1H9AlbertaCanada School of Environment and Spatial Informatics China University of Mining and TechnologyJiangsu 221116China Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation ofHainan Province School of Ecology and EnvironmentHainan UniversityHainan 570228China

Chlorine has been widely used in different advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)for micropollutants removal.In this study,different chlorine-based AOPs,namely medium pressure(MP)UV/chlorine,low pressure(LP)UV/chlorine,and in-situ chlorination,were compared for carbamazepine(CBZ)removal efficiency,energy consumption,and disinfection by-products(DBPs)formation.All three processes could achieve nearly 100%CBZ removal,while the reaction time needed by in-situ chlorination was double the time required by UV/chlorine processes.The energy consumed per magnitude of CBZ removed(EE/O)of MP UV/chlorine was 13 times higher than that of LP UV/chlorine,and relative to that of in-situ chlorination process.Accordingly,MP and LP UV/chlorine processes generated one to two orders of magnitude more hydroxyl radicals(^(·)OH)and reactive chlorine species(RCS)than in-situ chlorination.Besides,RCS were the dominant reactive species,contributing to 78.3%,75.6%,and 71.6% of CBZ removal in MP,LP UV/chlorine,and in-situ chlorination,respectively.According to the Gibbs free energy barriers between CBZ and RCS/^(·)OH calculated based on density functional theory(DFT),RCS had more reaction routes with CBZ and showed lower energy barrier in the main CBZ degradation pathways like epoxidation and formation of iminostilbene.When applied to secondary wastewater effluent,UV/chlorine and in-situ chlorination produced overall DBPs ranging from 104.77 to 135.41μg/L.However,the production of chlorate during UV/chlorine processes was 15 times higher than that during in-situ chlorination.

关键词： UV/chlorine In-situ chlorination Energy efficiency Role of reactive species DFT calculation disinfection by-products

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Simultaneous Control of Microorganisms and disinfection by-products by Sequential Chlorination

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2007年第2期20卷 119-125页

作者： CHAO CHEN XIAO-JIAN ZHANG WEN-JIE HE HONG-DA HAN Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084China Tianjin Water Works （Group） Co. Ltd. Tianjin 300040 China

Objective To introduce a new sequential chlorination disinfection process in which short-term free chlorine and chloramine are sequentially added. Methods Pilot tests of this sequential chlorination were carried out in a drinking water plant. Results The sequential chlorination disinfection process had the same or better efficiency on microbe （including virus） inactivation compared with the free chlorine disinfection process. There seemed to be some synergetic disinfection effect between free chlorine and monochloramine because they attacked different targets. The sequential chlorination disinfection process resulted in 35.7%-77.0% TTHM formation and 36.6%-54.8% THAA5 formation less than the free chlorination process. The poorer the water quality was, the more advantage the sequential chlorination disinfection had over the free chlorination. Conclusion This process takes advantages of free chlorine＇s quick inactivation of microorganisms and chloramine＇s low disinfection by-product （DBP） yield and long-term residual effect, allowing simultaneous control of microbes and DBPs in an effective and economic way.

关键词： disinfection Free chlorine Chloramine disinfection by-products Microorganisms

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The variation of DOM during long distance water transport by the China South to North Water Diversion Scheme and impact on drinking water treatment

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2024年第5期18卷 85-100页

作者： Hankun Yang Yujuan Li Hongyu Liu Nigel J.D.Graham Xue Wu Jiawei Hou Mengjie Liu Wenyu Wang Wenzheng Yu State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and TechnologyResearch Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China School of Environment and Municipal Engineering Qingdao Technological UniversityQingdao266033China Colleges of Forestry Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin150006China Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington CampusLondonSW7 2AZUK School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane Processes School of Environment Science and EngineeringTiangong UniversityTianjin300387China

In this study,samples were taken from three locations,upstream to downstream,along the central route project of the China South to North Water Diversion(SNWD)scheme in summer and winter.These were used to reveal the variations of dissolved organic matter(DOM)during the water transfer process,and the effects of these variations on drinking water treatment and disinfection by-products formation potential(DBPs-FP).The results showed that polysaccharides accumulate in summer and reduce in winter with flow distance,which has an important effect on the overall properties of DOM,as well as on the performance of coagulation,ultrafiltration,and the formation of DBPs.Humic substances,and their hydrophilic content,also increased in summer and decreased in winter with flow distance.In contrast,the concentration of small organic substances(MW⩽1000 Da)increased in both summer and winter with flow distance,which affected both nanofiltration(NF)membrane fouling and DBPs-FP.The results provide a useful case study of spatial and temporal changes in raw water DOM during long distance water transfer and their impact on the treatment and quality of drinking water from the SNWD.

关键词： Long-distance water transfer The China South to North Water Diversion Scheme Coagulation Membrane filtration disinfection by-products

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Removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products precursors in a hybrid process combining ozonation with ceramic membrane ultrafiltration

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2015年第1期9卷 112-120页

作者： Xiaojiang FAN Yi TAO Dequan WEI Xihui ZHANG Ying LEI Hiroshi NOGUCHI Research Center for Environmental Engineering & Management Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China Meidensha Corporation Meiko Building 5-5-50saki Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-8616 Japan

The performance of an integrated process including coagulation, ozonation, ceramic ultrafiltration （UF） and biologic activated carbon （BAC） filtration was investigated for the removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products （DBPs） precursors from micropolluted surface water. A pilot scale plant with the capacity of 120 m3 per day was set up and operated for the treatment of drinking water. Ceramic membranes were used with the filtration area of 50 m2 and a pore size of 60 nm. Dissolved organic matter was divided into five fractions including hydrophobic acid （HoA）, base （HOB） and neutral （HoN）, weakly hydrophobic acid （WHOA） and hydrophilic matter （HIM） by DAX-8 and XAD-4 resins. The experiment results showed that the removal of organic matter was significantly improved with ozonation in advance. In sum, the integrated process removed 73% of dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, 87% of UV254, 77% of trihalomethane （THMs） precursors, 76% of haloacetic acid （HAAs） precursors, 83%of trichloracetic aldehyde （CH） precursor, 77% of dichloroaeetonitrile （DCAN） precursor, 51% of trichloroacetonitrile （TCAN） precursor, 96% of 1,1,1- trichloroacetone （TCP） precursor and 63% of trichloroni- tromethane （TCNM） precursor. Hydrophobic organic matter was converted into hydrophilic organic matter during ozonation/UF, while the organic matter with molecular weight of 1000-3000 Da was remarkably decreased and converted into lower molecular weight organic matter ranged from 200-500 Da. DOC had a close linear relationship with the formation potential of DBPs.

关键词： ceramic ultrafiltration（UF） ozonation organic matter hydrophilic hydrophobic disinfection by-products

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Removal characteristics of disinfection by-products formation potential by bioaugmentation activated carbon process

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Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series) 2010年第3期17卷 323-327页

作者：王广智李伟光黄丽坤郜玉楠张多英 School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment Harbin Institute of Technology

The high-active bacteria were screened from 8 dominant bacteria obtained from the natural water body,and then the bioaugmentation activated carbon was formed by hydraulic immobilization of the high-active bacteria. Plant-scale studies on removal characteristics of disinfection by-products formation potentials (DBPFP) by bioaugmentation activated carbon process were conducted for micro-polluted raw water treatment. The results show that the bioaugmentation activated carbon process has adopted better purification efficiency to THMFP and HAAFP than traditional biological activated carbon process,and that average removal efficiencies of THMFP and HAAFP can reach 35% and 39.7% during the test period,increasing by more than 10% compared with traditional biological activated carbon process. The removal efficiencies of THMFP and HAAFP are stable because of the biodegradation of the high-active bacteria and the adsorption of active carbon. The biodegradability of CHCl3 formation potential is better as compared with that of CHCl2Br and CHClBr2 formation potentials among THMFP,and high removal efficiency of CHCl3formation potential is obtained by bioaugmentation degradation of the high-active bacteria. The biodegradability of HAAFP is better in comparison with that of THMFP,and the chemical properties of HAAFP are propitious to adsorption of activated carbon. Thus,HAAFP is on predominance during the competitive removal process with THMFP.

关键词： bioaugmentation activated carbon disinfection by-products formation potential high-active bacteria

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Relationships between regulated DBPs and emerging DBPs of health concern in U.S. drinking water

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2022年第7期34卷 161-172页

作者： Stuart W.Krasner Ai Jia Chih-Fen T.Lee Raha Shirkhani Joshua M.Allen Susan D.Richardson Michael J.Plewa Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Water Quality LaboratoryCA 91750USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South CarolinaSC 29208USA Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignIL 61801USA Safe Global Water Institute University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignIL 61801USA

A survey was conducted at eight U.S. drinking water plants, that spanned a wide range of water qualities and treatment/disinfection practices. Plants that treated heavily-wastewaterimpacted source waters had lower trihalomethane to dihaloacetonitrile ratios due to the presence of more organic nitrogen and HAN precursors. As the bromide to total organic carbon ratio increased, there was more bromine incorporation into DBPs. This has been shown in other studies for THMs and selected emerging DBPs(HANs), whereas this study examined bromine incorporation for a wider group of emerging DBPs(haloacetaldehydes, halonitromethanes). Moreover, bromine incorporation into the emerging DBPs was, in general, similar to that of the THMs. Epidemiology studies that show an association between adverse health effects and brominated THMs may be due to the formation of brominated emerging DBPs of heath concern. Plants with higher free chlorine contact times before ammonia addition to form chloramines had less iodinated DBP formation in chloraminated distribution systems, where there was more oxidation of the iodide to iodate(a sink for the iodide) by the chlorine. This has been shown in many bench-scale studies(primarily for iodinated THMs), but seldom in full-scale studies(where this study also showed the impact on total organic iodine. Collectively, the THMs, haloacetic acids, and emerging DBPs accounted for a significant portion of the TOCl, TOBr, and TOI;however, ~50% of the TOCl and TOBr is still unknown. The correlation of the sum of detected DBPs with the TOCl and TOBr suggests that they can be used as reliable surrogates.

关键词： disinfection by-products Total organic bromine Total organic iodine Trihalomethanes Haloacetonitriles Haloacetaldehydes Iodo-trihalomethanes Iodoacetic acids

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