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Economic cost analysis of malaria case management at the household level during the malaria elimination phase in The People’s Republic of China

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2016年第1期5卷 424-431页

作者： Shang Xia Jin-Xiang Ma Duo-Quan Wang Shi-Zhu Li David Rollinson Shui-Sen Zhou Xiao-Nong Zhou National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionShanghai 200025People’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology Ministry of HealthShanghai 200025People’s Republic of China WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases Shanghai 200025People’s Republic of China Department of Applied Statistics School of Public HealthGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510182China Life Sciences Department The Natural History MuseumCromwell RoadLondon SW75BDUK

Background:In China,malaria has been posing a significant economic burden on *** evaluate malaria economic burden in terms of both direct and indirect costs has its meaning in improving the effectiveness of malaria elimination program in ***:A number of study sites(eight counties in five provinces)were selected from the malaria endemic area in China,representing the different levels of malaria incidence,risk classification,economic development.A number of households with malaria cases(n=923)were surveyed during the May to December in 2012 to collect information on malaria economic *** statistics were used to characterize the basic profiles of selected malaria cases in terms of their gender,age group,occupation and malaria *** malaria economic costs were evaluated by direct and indirect *** were carried out by using the chi-square test(or Z-test)and the Mann-Whitney U test among malaria cases with reference to local/imported malaria patients,hospitalized/out patients,and treatment ***:The average cost of malaria per case was 1691.23 CNY(direct cost was 735.41 CNY and indirect cost was 955.82 CNY),which accounted for 11.1%of a household’s total *** average costs per case for local and imported malaria were 1087.58 CNY and 4271.93 CNY,*** average cost of a malaria patient being diagnosed and treated in a hospital at the county level or above(3975.43 CNY)was 4.23 times higher than that of malaria patient being diagnosed and treated at a village or township hospital(938.80 CNY).Conclusion:This study found that malaria has been posing a significant economic burden on households in terms of direct and indirect *** is a need to improve the effectiveness of interventions in order to reduce the impact costs of malaria,especially of imported infections,in order to eliminate the disease in China.

关键词： Malaria Economic cost analysis direct costs Indirect costs Health facilities China

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An Investigation into the Relationship Between Maintenance and Finance

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International Journal of Plant Engineering and Management 1997年第4期2卷 12-16页

作者： Zhao SongzhengK.Smit School of Management Delft University of Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Kluyverweg 1 Xi’an, 710072, P. R. China 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands

One of the prime objectives of maintenance is to minimize the total maintenance costs. Total maintenance costs include direct costs and maintenance dependent costs. direct costs include labor, material, and overheads. Whereas maintenance dependent costs refer to the costs of lost production or loss of revenue due to breakdown maintenance.

关键词： The maintenance finance maintenance costs direct costs maintenance dependent costs.

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Economical Analysis of Milk Production in the Farms of Siedlce Region

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Journal of Life Sciences 2014年第7期8卷 626-631页

作者： Sosnowski Jacek Jankowski Kazimierz Truba Milena Kaczorek Anna Krol Justyna Romanczuk Tadeusz Kolczarek Roman Grassland Department University of Podlasie Siedlc08-110 Poland

Last years the most profitable line of activity in agriculture is considered with milk production. The-effectiveness of this project depends primarily on the direct costs and the obtained of purchase price. Therefore the aim of this work was to analyze the financial results of dairy farms in the east part of Mazovia region. Completing the research in 2010, to the owners of 36 farms were sent a questionnaire containing 18 questions. The obtained data were used to characterize the various research facilities. And then the whole population was devoted on the 6 production groups, depend on the number of physical units of dairy cows. Moreover, based on survey data, an analysis of the profitability of milk production was done. It was the following economic values： direct costs, revenue, gross margin and the index of production profitability. Also the statistical analysis by calculating the Pearson linear correlation coefficient （r） and coefficient of determination （R2） was done. The study showed that the highest annual yield of milk from a cow at the level of 7500 kg, reached the farmers with the area of l 9.7 ha of with the density of 1.82 BFU/ha and with 8 years of cow utilization. Respondents from this group also received the highest value of effectiveness index （184.60%）. In addition, the performed regression analysis showed significant positive correlation between the effectiveness index and the surface agricultural lands occurring in the farms, density of agricultural lands, and efficiency from a cow and the price of milk.

关键词： Milk production effectiveness index direct costs economical analysis.

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A direct-Indirect Cost Decision Making Assessment Methodology for Seismic Isolation on Bridges

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Journal of Statistical Science and Application 2016年第2期4卷 85-95页

作者： Davide Forcellini Dr. University of San Marino San Marino 47890.

Making decisions of when to intervene on bridges taking into consideration more than owner costs is a growing field of interest in earthquake engineering. In particular, bridges can be considered critical links in highway networks because of their seismic vulnerability in terms of direct and indirect losses. This paper aims at defining a general criteria capable of taking into account both these costs in a simplified and efficient formulation. Indirect losses generally neglected elsewhere, are taken into consideration by applying a formulation that assesses investment efficiency. The presented formulation follows the one proposed for buildings by L. Kantorovich, 1975. direct costs are computed from a Performance Based Earthquake Engineering （PBEE） methodology by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research （PEER） center. The problem considers two competitive objectives （maximizing economic efficiency and minimizing costs） in a multi-objective structural optimization procedure. The formulation has been applied to a case study aimed at strengthening a benchmark bridge. The optimum investment has been assessed between several isolated configurations.

关键词： Multi-objective optimization decision making direct costs indirect costs bridge isolation.

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